KEY CONCEPTS IN ETHICS AND DATA PRIVACY.
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Morality - Answer: Defined as the totality of opinions, decisions, and actions with which
people express, individually or collectively, what they think is 'good' or 'right.'
Descriptive Ethics - Answer: Describes customs, habits, and moralities without making
value judgments.
Prescriptive (Normative) Ethics - Answer: Judges morality and attempts to formulate
recommendations about how people should act.
Moral Values - Answer: Lasting convictions that people feel should be pursued to lead a
'good' life or to realize a 'just' society.
Intrinsic Value - Answer: An objective in and of itself, a goal.
Instrumental Value - Answer: A means to realizing an intrinsic value.
Relativism - Answer: An ethical theory that argues all moral perspectives are equally valid,
with no universally applicable moral norms or values.
Absolutism - Answer: A rigid form of universalism where no exceptions to moral norms are
acceptable.
Deontology - Answer: Also known as 'duty ethics,' it judges morality based on adherence to
moral rules, regardless of the consequences.
Categorical Imperative - Answer: Kant's principle that moral norms must be followed
universally and without exception.
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, Consequentialism - Answer: An ethical theory that evaluates the morality of actions based
on their outcomes.
Utilitarianism - Answer: A branch of consequentialism that seeks to maximize happiness
for the greatest number of people.
Hedonism - Answer: The value theory that holds pleasure as the only intrinsic good, and all
other things are instrumental to achieving pleasure.
Argument - Answer: A set of statements where one is claimed to follow logically from the
others.
Deductive Argument - Answer: An argument where the conclusion necessarily follows from
the premises.
Modus Ponens - Answer: A valid argument form where the premises are 'If p, then q' and 'p',
leading to the conclusion 'q'.
Fallacy - Answer: An error or deficiency in an argument, often leading to invalid
conclusions.
Inductive Argumentation - Answer: A type of non-deductive argumentation that generalizes
from specific empirical data to more general rules.
Natural Rights - Answer: Fundamental rights believed to derive from human nature,
typically seen as negative rights (liberties).
Personal Information - Answer: Any information relating to or traceable to an individual.
APPHIA – Crafted with Care and Precision for Academic Excellence. 2
The smart way to Pass | Real Tests, Real results!
Morality - Answer: Defined as the totality of opinions, decisions, and actions with which
people express, individually or collectively, what they think is 'good' or 'right.'
Descriptive Ethics - Answer: Describes customs, habits, and moralities without making
value judgments.
Prescriptive (Normative) Ethics - Answer: Judges morality and attempts to formulate
recommendations about how people should act.
Moral Values - Answer: Lasting convictions that people feel should be pursued to lead a
'good' life or to realize a 'just' society.
Intrinsic Value - Answer: An objective in and of itself, a goal.
Instrumental Value - Answer: A means to realizing an intrinsic value.
Relativism - Answer: An ethical theory that argues all moral perspectives are equally valid,
with no universally applicable moral norms or values.
Absolutism - Answer: A rigid form of universalism where no exceptions to moral norms are
acceptable.
Deontology - Answer: Also known as 'duty ethics,' it judges morality based on adherence to
moral rules, regardless of the consequences.
Categorical Imperative - Answer: Kant's principle that moral norms must be followed
universally and without exception.
APPHIA – Crafted with Care and Precision for Academic Excellence. 1
, Consequentialism - Answer: An ethical theory that evaluates the morality of actions based
on their outcomes.
Utilitarianism - Answer: A branch of consequentialism that seeks to maximize happiness
for the greatest number of people.
Hedonism - Answer: The value theory that holds pleasure as the only intrinsic good, and all
other things are instrumental to achieving pleasure.
Argument - Answer: A set of statements where one is claimed to follow logically from the
others.
Deductive Argument - Answer: An argument where the conclusion necessarily follows from
the premises.
Modus Ponens - Answer: A valid argument form where the premises are 'If p, then q' and 'p',
leading to the conclusion 'q'.
Fallacy - Answer: An error or deficiency in an argument, often leading to invalid
conclusions.
Inductive Argumentation - Answer: A type of non-deductive argumentation that generalizes
from specific empirical data to more general rules.
Natural Rights - Answer: Fundamental rights believed to derive from human nature,
typically seen as negative rights (liberties).
Personal Information - Answer: Any information relating to or traceable to an individual.
APPHIA – Crafted with Care and Precision for Academic Excellence. 2
