CCJS105 Exam #2 UMD with all Correct & 100% Verified
Answers| Latest Update| Already Graded A+
what are the 3 typologies of Cohen's theory of the 'middle class measuring rod'? ✔Correct
Answer---college boys: continue to strive for mainstream success
-corner boys: have lower expectations and engage in marginal deterrence
-delinquent boys: redefine success to solve status frustration and engage in delinquent subculture
that is oppositional to middle class standards
according to Cloward and Ohlin, what are the 3 types of gangs in opportunity subcultural theory?
✔Correct Answer--1. criminal gang (organized crime)
2. conflict gang (violence and vandalism)
3. retreatists (drugs and alcohol)
define 'toughness' in Miller's focal concerns ✔Correct Answer---toughness is very important to the
status of low-income males
-being strong, brave, macho, sexually aggressive, and unsentimental and 'not taking any shit'
what class of men did Walter Miller include in his focal concerns theory? ✔Correct Answer--lower-
class men
what is Elijah Anderson's 'code of the street'? ✔Correct Answer---code= set of informal rules
governing interpersonal public behavior
-respect is everything
-must respond to disrespect with violence
-cannot count on police for safety/security
what is the zone that has the highest crime rates? ✔Correct Answer--transition zone
what concept prevents us form making inferences about individuals and groups using information
and theories about broader populations? ✔Correct Answer--ecological fallacy
define collective efficacy and identify the theory from which it emerged ✔Correct Answer---
collective efficacy is the willingness of engaged individuals in a cohesive community to intervene
towards public order and the common good
-it emerged from social disorganization theory
what are Merton's 5 modes of adaptation to anomie/strain? ✔Correct Answer--1. conformity
2. innovation
3. ritualism
4. retreatism
5. rebellion
what is the difference between social disorganization and anomie? ✔Correct Answer---social
disorganization: the mechanism SHaw and McKay said explained higher crime and delinquency closer
to the inner city; refers to a disorientation of consensus about social norms in a community
-anomie: means "without norms"; a concept Durkheim introduced to criminology; delinquency
occurs when one strays from society's shared norms
, according to Gottfredson and Hirschi, what causes crime and delinquency? ✔Correct Answer--low
self-control
what are the 4 components of Aker's Social Learning Theory? ✔Correct Answer--1. differential
association
2. differential reinforcement
3. imitation
4. definitions
true or false: according to Howard Becker, we need to be the most concerned about those who label
do not match their behavior (i.e. secret deviants and falsely accused) ✔Correct Answer--true
a teenager does not commit crime because he cares about the opinions of his friends, family, and
teachers
what social bond is this an example of? ✔Correct Answer--attachment
which technique of neutralization is most relevant to the following scenario?
Jordan rationalizes his drug selling and other illegal behaviors by saying 'look at all the police officers
and judges who are corrupt, they are not in a position to judge me' ✔Correct Answer--
condemnation of condemners
what experiment influenced Wilson and Kelling's development of broken windows? ✔Correct
Answer--Zimbardo's car experiment in Palo Alto, CA and Brooklyn, NY
true or false: according to control theories, everyone is motivated to break the law ✔Correct
Answer--true
who are the theorists who posited broken windows theory? ✔Correct Answer--James Q. Wilson
and George Kelling
how are life-course persistent (LCP) offenders different from adolescent-limited (AL) offenders?
✔Correct Answer---LCP have many risk factors (low self-control, physical/sexual abuse in childhood,
increasing violence in offending, victims of serious crime, etc.)
-AL (good behavior is temporarily derailed by adolescence, but they get back on track after their
previous status of offenses are legalized- drinking age at 21, etc.)
what is the difference between consensus and conflict theories? ✔Correct Answer---conflict
theory: laws reflects the needs and wants of those in power, unequal distribution of wealth and
power fosters crime, this can only be prevented in a socialist system of government and economics,
focuses on the proletariat (lower classes) with bourgeoisie (upper, ruling class)
-consensus theory: society has agreed upon the norms and laws of the country, upper class doesn't
have all the power
what is the over-policing/under-policing paradox? ✔Correct Answer---officers consistently police
certain kinds of deviance and crime, while neglecting or ignoring other instances when their help is
needed
-ambulance took 45 minutes
-Jose bringing home milk and gang members knocked it out of his hands; when he asked police for
help, they did not
Answers| Latest Update| Already Graded A+
what are the 3 typologies of Cohen's theory of the 'middle class measuring rod'? ✔Correct
Answer---college boys: continue to strive for mainstream success
-corner boys: have lower expectations and engage in marginal deterrence
-delinquent boys: redefine success to solve status frustration and engage in delinquent subculture
that is oppositional to middle class standards
according to Cloward and Ohlin, what are the 3 types of gangs in opportunity subcultural theory?
✔Correct Answer--1. criminal gang (organized crime)
2. conflict gang (violence and vandalism)
3. retreatists (drugs and alcohol)
define 'toughness' in Miller's focal concerns ✔Correct Answer---toughness is very important to the
status of low-income males
-being strong, brave, macho, sexually aggressive, and unsentimental and 'not taking any shit'
what class of men did Walter Miller include in his focal concerns theory? ✔Correct Answer--lower-
class men
what is Elijah Anderson's 'code of the street'? ✔Correct Answer---code= set of informal rules
governing interpersonal public behavior
-respect is everything
-must respond to disrespect with violence
-cannot count on police for safety/security
what is the zone that has the highest crime rates? ✔Correct Answer--transition zone
what concept prevents us form making inferences about individuals and groups using information
and theories about broader populations? ✔Correct Answer--ecological fallacy
define collective efficacy and identify the theory from which it emerged ✔Correct Answer---
collective efficacy is the willingness of engaged individuals in a cohesive community to intervene
towards public order and the common good
-it emerged from social disorganization theory
what are Merton's 5 modes of adaptation to anomie/strain? ✔Correct Answer--1. conformity
2. innovation
3. ritualism
4. retreatism
5. rebellion
what is the difference between social disorganization and anomie? ✔Correct Answer---social
disorganization: the mechanism SHaw and McKay said explained higher crime and delinquency closer
to the inner city; refers to a disorientation of consensus about social norms in a community
-anomie: means "without norms"; a concept Durkheim introduced to criminology; delinquency
occurs when one strays from society's shared norms
, according to Gottfredson and Hirschi, what causes crime and delinquency? ✔Correct Answer--low
self-control
what are the 4 components of Aker's Social Learning Theory? ✔Correct Answer--1. differential
association
2. differential reinforcement
3. imitation
4. definitions
true or false: according to Howard Becker, we need to be the most concerned about those who label
do not match their behavior (i.e. secret deviants and falsely accused) ✔Correct Answer--true
a teenager does not commit crime because he cares about the opinions of his friends, family, and
teachers
what social bond is this an example of? ✔Correct Answer--attachment
which technique of neutralization is most relevant to the following scenario?
Jordan rationalizes his drug selling and other illegal behaviors by saying 'look at all the police officers
and judges who are corrupt, they are not in a position to judge me' ✔Correct Answer--
condemnation of condemners
what experiment influenced Wilson and Kelling's development of broken windows? ✔Correct
Answer--Zimbardo's car experiment in Palo Alto, CA and Brooklyn, NY
true or false: according to control theories, everyone is motivated to break the law ✔Correct
Answer--true
who are the theorists who posited broken windows theory? ✔Correct Answer--James Q. Wilson
and George Kelling
how are life-course persistent (LCP) offenders different from adolescent-limited (AL) offenders?
✔Correct Answer---LCP have many risk factors (low self-control, physical/sexual abuse in childhood,
increasing violence in offending, victims of serious crime, etc.)
-AL (good behavior is temporarily derailed by adolescence, but they get back on track after their
previous status of offenses are legalized- drinking age at 21, etc.)
what is the difference between consensus and conflict theories? ✔Correct Answer---conflict
theory: laws reflects the needs and wants of those in power, unequal distribution of wealth and
power fosters crime, this can only be prevented in a socialist system of government and economics,
focuses on the proletariat (lower classes) with bourgeoisie (upper, ruling class)
-consensus theory: society has agreed upon the norms and laws of the country, upper class doesn't
have all the power
what is the over-policing/under-policing paradox? ✔Correct Answer---officers consistently police
certain kinds of deviance and crime, while neglecting or ignoring other instances when their help is
needed
-ambulance took 45 minutes
-Jose bringing home milk and gang members knocked it out of his hands; when he asked police for
help, they did not
