NR 565 Final Exam-FINAL EXAM
Questions & answers with complete
solution - 2025
Negative feedback system in hypothyroidism -
,,,answer,,,..Production of T3 and T3 by the hypothalamus and
pituitary gland
TRH - ,,,answer,,,..from the hypothalamus controls the release of TSH
TSH (negative feedback loop) - ,,,answer,,,..acts as the gauge for the
hypothalamus to know if it needs more or less TRH and
subsequently more or less TSH
Acute symptoms of diabetes plus casual plasma glucose
concentration greater than or equal to 200 mg/dL.
Fasting plasma glucose greater than or equal to 126 mg/d (8hrs) -
,,,answer,,,..Diabetes Mellitis
2 hour post-load plasma glucose in an oral glucose tolerance test
greater than or equal to 200 mg/dL. The test uses a glucose load
containing the equivalent of 75 g anhydrous glucose dissolved in
water. - ,,,answer,,,..Diabetes Mellitis (glucose tolerance test)
HgB A1c > or equal to 6.5 - ,,,answer,,,..Diabetes Mellitis Labs
Pre-Diabetes Glucose tolerance test - ,,,answer,,,..Plasma glucose 140
to 199 mg/dL (IGT) 2 hours post-ingestion of standard glucose load
(75 g) or
HgB A1c 5.7-6.4 - ,,,answer,,,..Prediabetes
,Diabetes Treatment Step 1 - ,,,answer,,,..Lifestyle Changes
Metformin
Diabetes Treatment Step 2 - ,,,answer,,,..Step 1 (lifestyle and
metformin)
Second Drug
Diabetes Treatment Step 3 - ,,,answer,,,..Step 1+2
Third Drug
Diabetes Treatment step 4 - ,,,answer,,,..Consider GLP-1 Agonist if
Step 3 includes basal insulin
Insulin Human - ,,,answer,,,..Pancreas Basal Cells in langeran's
Insulin accelerant - ,,,answer,,,..Corticosteroids
Compound Effect Insulin Medication - ,,,answer,,,..Sulfonyureas
(ides)
Rapid ACTING INsulin - ,,,answer,,,..Lispro (Humalog)
Aspart (Novolog)
Glulisine (Apidra)
(15-30m) onset, duration 3-6 hour
Short Acting insulin - ,,,answer,,,..- Regular (Humulin R, Novolin R)
- Onset 30 min-1 hr
- peak 2-5 hr
- duration 6-10 hr
Long Acting Ins - ,,,answer,,,..glargine (Lantus)
detemir (Levemir)
(onset 70 minutes) duration 18-24 hours
, Ultralong In - ,,,answer,,,..Tresiba
Onset (30-90 min)
duration >24hours
Metformin black box warning - ,,,answer,,,..-lactic acidosis increased
with CKD, liver disease, severe infection, excessive alcohol intake,
shock, or hypoexmia
Biguanides (Metformin) Uses - ,,,answer,,,..Glycemic control
DM2 prevention
Gestational Diabetes
Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (by lowering androgen levels)
Metformin side effects - ,,,answer,,,..Anorexia, GI upset, nausea,
diarrhea, B12 (peripheral neuropathy)/Folate deficiency (impair
CNS development in fetuses)
Which drug inhibits glucose production in the liver, reduces glucose
absorbtion in the gut and sensitizes insulin receptors to increase
glucose reuptake - ,,,answer,,,..Metformin
Metformin dosage - ,,,answer,,,..gi side effects lead to discontinuation
of treatment
500mg lowest dose daily, then 500 BID. Max dose 2000mg.
Safe for use during pregnancy
Metformin Therapy weight - ,,,answer,,,..does not cause weight gain.
appetite suppression. In presence and absence of nausea.
sulfon - ,,,answer,,,..glipizide, glyburide, glimepiride
sulfonyureas - ,,,answer,,,..MOA - stimulates release of insulin from
pancreas, long-term enhances insulin sensitivity. (pancreatic islet)
Questions & answers with complete
solution - 2025
Negative feedback system in hypothyroidism -
,,,answer,,,..Production of T3 and T3 by the hypothalamus and
pituitary gland
TRH - ,,,answer,,,..from the hypothalamus controls the release of TSH
TSH (negative feedback loop) - ,,,answer,,,..acts as the gauge for the
hypothalamus to know if it needs more or less TRH and
subsequently more or less TSH
Acute symptoms of diabetes plus casual plasma glucose
concentration greater than or equal to 200 mg/dL.
Fasting plasma glucose greater than or equal to 126 mg/d (8hrs) -
,,,answer,,,..Diabetes Mellitis
2 hour post-load plasma glucose in an oral glucose tolerance test
greater than or equal to 200 mg/dL. The test uses a glucose load
containing the equivalent of 75 g anhydrous glucose dissolved in
water. - ,,,answer,,,..Diabetes Mellitis (glucose tolerance test)
HgB A1c > or equal to 6.5 - ,,,answer,,,..Diabetes Mellitis Labs
Pre-Diabetes Glucose tolerance test - ,,,answer,,,..Plasma glucose 140
to 199 mg/dL (IGT) 2 hours post-ingestion of standard glucose load
(75 g) or
HgB A1c 5.7-6.4 - ,,,answer,,,..Prediabetes
,Diabetes Treatment Step 1 - ,,,answer,,,..Lifestyle Changes
Metformin
Diabetes Treatment Step 2 - ,,,answer,,,..Step 1 (lifestyle and
metformin)
Second Drug
Diabetes Treatment Step 3 - ,,,answer,,,..Step 1+2
Third Drug
Diabetes Treatment step 4 - ,,,answer,,,..Consider GLP-1 Agonist if
Step 3 includes basal insulin
Insulin Human - ,,,answer,,,..Pancreas Basal Cells in langeran's
Insulin accelerant - ,,,answer,,,..Corticosteroids
Compound Effect Insulin Medication - ,,,answer,,,..Sulfonyureas
(ides)
Rapid ACTING INsulin - ,,,answer,,,..Lispro (Humalog)
Aspart (Novolog)
Glulisine (Apidra)
(15-30m) onset, duration 3-6 hour
Short Acting insulin - ,,,answer,,,..- Regular (Humulin R, Novolin R)
- Onset 30 min-1 hr
- peak 2-5 hr
- duration 6-10 hr
Long Acting Ins - ,,,answer,,,..glargine (Lantus)
detemir (Levemir)
(onset 70 minutes) duration 18-24 hours
, Ultralong In - ,,,answer,,,..Tresiba
Onset (30-90 min)
duration >24hours
Metformin black box warning - ,,,answer,,,..-lactic acidosis increased
with CKD, liver disease, severe infection, excessive alcohol intake,
shock, or hypoexmia
Biguanides (Metformin) Uses - ,,,answer,,,..Glycemic control
DM2 prevention
Gestational Diabetes
Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (by lowering androgen levels)
Metformin side effects - ,,,answer,,,..Anorexia, GI upset, nausea,
diarrhea, B12 (peripheral neuropathy)/Folate deficiency (impair
CNS development in fetuses)
Which drug inhibits glucose production in the liver, reduces glucose
absorbtion in the gut and sensitizes insulin receptors to increase
glucose reuptake - ,,,answer,,,..Metformin
Metformin dosage - ,,,answer,,,..gi side effects lead to discontinuation
of treatment
500mg lowest dose daily, then 500 BID. Max dose 2000mg.
Safe for use during pregnancy
Metformin Therapy weight - ,,,answer,,,..does not cause weight gain.
appetite suppression. In presence and absence of nausea.
sulfon - ,,,answer,,,..glipizide, glyburide, glimepiride
sulfonyureas - ,,,answer,,,..MOA - stimulates release of insulin from
pancreas, long-term enhances insulin sensitivity. (pancreatic islet)
