BIOS 1700 Exam 1 Chapter 1-5 Questions with Verified Solutions Latest Update 2025/2026
Shell - Answers - an energy level of an atom
- can contain several orbitals
orbital - Answers a region of space where an electron is present most of the time
What do rows and columns tell us about the atoms - Answers The columns show us what
groups have similar valence electrons and the row tells us the number of shells.
Covalent bond - Answers Two atoms sharing the same vlanence electron
Ionic bond - Answers Is the complete transfer of valence electron(s) between atoms.
Hydrogen bond - Answers A hydrogen atom covalently bound to an electonegative atom
interacts with an electonegative of another molecule
What makes a covalent bond polar? - Answers The electrons shared by the atoms spend a
greater amount of time, on the average, closer to the Oxygen nucleus than the Hydrogen
nucleus
What does polar covalent bonds have to do with water solubility and hydrophilicity vs.
hydrophobicity? - Answers Hyrdophilic compunds are polar which means the dissolve readily in
water where as hydrophobic compounds are nonpolar and arrange themselves to minimize
contact with the water.
Carbon's important properties - Answers - 4 bounds in tetrahedral configuration
- rotation around single bonds
- can form long chain or ring structures
structural components of DNA - Answers Proteins-chains of amino acids linked by peptide
bonds
Nucleic Acids - chains of nucleotides linked by phosphodiester bonds
Carbohydrates - chains of sugars linked by glycosidic bonds
Basic parts of a nucleotide - Answers - 5-carbon sugar
- phosphate
- base
whats attached to the 5' carbon - Answers Phosphate group
whats attached to the 3' carbon - Answers hydroxyl group
, differences in nucleotides used in RNA and DNA - Answers - DNA is the genetic material in all
organisms and has bases A,T,G,C
- RNA is the key player in protein synthesis and the regulation of gene expression
The role of the sugar and phosphate in DNA - Answers Backbone
Role of the bases in DNA structure - Answers Watson-Crick base pairing to hold helix together
The significance of the 3' and 5' positions - Answers - Phosphodiester bond formation
- different ends of strands
- Antiparallel nature of the double helix
What is the difference between supercoiling and packaging as nucleosomes? Which occurs in
which type of cells? - Answers - Supercoils are when the circular molecule coils upon itself
which happens in prokaryotic cells
- Double-stranded DNA molecules in eukaryotes are usually packaged with histones into a 30
nm chromatin fiber.
How is based paring used to copy DNA - Answers DNA is used as a template strand to make
complementary RNA in transcription
Which directionis DNA synthesized - Answers 5' to 3'
Promoter - Answers piece of DNA where transcription starts Important function is to recruit
RNA polymerase
what does the General Transcription factor bind to - Answers the promoter
what does the Transcriptional Activator bind to - Answers the enhancers
How is the new phosphodiester bond formed - Answers when the high-energy phosphate bond
is cleaved , it provides energy to drive the reaction that makes the phosphodiester bond attach
to the 3' end of the nucleotide
why does coupled transcription and translation occur in prokaryotes - Answers In prokaryotes
genetic material is not enclosed in a membrane-enclosed nucleus and has access to ribosomes
in the cytoplasm.
central dogma - Answers DNA to RNA to Protein
what makes amino acids hydrophobic or hydrophilic - Answers hyrdophilic amino acids are
polar which include serine, threonine, asparagine, glutamine, histidine and tyrosine. The
hydrophobic amino acids include alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, proline, phenylalanine,
tryptophane, cysteine and methionine.
Shell - Answers - an energy level of an atom
- can contain several orbitals
orbital - Answers a region of space where an electron is present most of the time
What do rows and columns tell us about the atoms - Answers The columns show us what
groups have similar valence electrons and the row tells us the number of shells.
Covalent bond - Answers Two atoms sharing the same vlanence electron
Ionic bond - Answers Is the complete transfer of valence electron(s) between atoms.
Hydrogen bond - Answers A hydrogen atom covalently bound to an electonegative atom
interacts with an electonegative of another molecule
What makes a covalent bond polar? - Answers The electrons shared by the atoms spend a
greater amount of time, on the average, closer to the Oxygen nucleus than the Hydrogen
nucleus
What does polar covalent bonds have to do with water solubility and hydrophilicity vs.
hydrophobicity? - Answers Hyrdophilic compunds are polar which means the dissolve readily in
water where as hydrophobic compounds are nonpolar and arrange themselves to minimize
contact with the water.
Carbon's important properties - Answers - 4 bounds in tetrahedral configuration
- rotation around single bonds
- can form long chain or ring structures
structural components of DNA - Answers Proteins-chains of amino acids linked by peptide
bonds
Nucleic Acids - chains of nucleotides linked by phosphodiester bonds
Carbohydrates - chains of sugars linked by glycosidic bonds
Basic parts of a nucleotide - Answers - 5-carbon sugar
- phosphate
- base
whats attached to the 5' carbon - Answers Phosphate group
whats attached to the 3' carbon - Answers hydroxyl group
, differences in nucleotides used in RNA and DNA - Answers - DNA is the genetic material in all
organisms and has bases A,T,G,C
- RNA is the key player in protein synthesis and the regulation of gene expression
The role of the sugar and phosphate in DNA - Answers Backbone
Role of the bases in DNA structure - Answers Watson-Crick base pairing to hold helix together
The significance of the 3' and 5' positions - Answers - Phosphodiester bond formation
- different ends of strands
- Antiparallel nature of the double helix
What is the difference between supercoiling and packaging as nucleosomes? Which occurs in
which type of cells? - Answers - Supercoils are when the circular molecule coils upon itself
which happens in prokaryotic cells
- Double-stranded DNA molecules in eukaryotes are usually packaged with histones into a 30
nm chromatin fiber.
How is based paring used to copy DNA - Answers DNA is used as a template strand to make
complementary RNA in transcription
Which directionis DNA synthesized - Answers 5' to 3'
Promoter - Answers piece of DNA where transcription starts Important function is to recruit
RNA polymerase
what does the General Transcription factor bind to - Answers the promoter
what does the Transcriptional Activator bind to - Answers the enhancers
How is the new phosphodiester bond formed - Answers when the high-energy phosphate bond
is cleaved , it provides energy to drive the reaction that makes the phosphodiester bond attach
to the 3' end of the nucleotide
why does coupled transcription and translation occur in prokaryotes - Answers In prokaryotes
genetic material is not enclosed in a membrane-enclosed nucleus and has access to ribosomes
in the cytoplasm.
central dogma - Answers DNA to RNA to Protein
what makes amino acids hydrophobic or hydrophilic - Answers hyrdophilic amino acids are
polar which include serine, threonine, asparagine, glutamine, histidine and tyrosine. The
hydrophobic amino acids include alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, proline, phenylalanine,
tryptophane, cysteine and methionine.
