BIOS 1700 Exam 2 Questions with Correct Answers Latest Update 2025/2026
Gibbs free energy (G) - Answers energy available to do work (usable energy)
Exergonic reaction - Answers Spontaneous
produces energy to use
Catabolism (breaks things up -delta G)
Reactants have higher energy than the products
Endergonic reaction - Answers Non-spontaneous
requires energy
Anabolism (builds things up +delta G)
Reactants have a lower energy than products
Enzyme - Answers Accelerates the reaction by reducing the activation energy (energy required
to form the transition state)
When does a chemical reaction have the highest free energy - Answers While the reaction is
taking place
Do acids or bases have a greater amount of H+ ions - Answers Acids
Reaction is called? - Answers A substrate
The substrate binds to what in the enzyme? - Answers The active site
What is an irreversible inhibitor and what do they do? - Answers Form covalent bonds with the
enzymes and stay attached.
What are reversible inhibitors and what do they do? - Answers Form weak bonds with the
enzyme and can dissociate.
What are the two types of reversible inhibitors? - Answers Competitive and non-competitive
Competitive inhibitors - Answers bind to same site as substrate (active site), can be overcome
with large excess amount of substrate
Non-competitive inhibitors - Answers bind at different site than the substrate, change enzyme
shape and an enzyme must be an exact shape in order to work
Metabolic pathway - Answers series of chemical reactions that gradually modify a molecule,
each reaction requires different enzymes
,Too much of this product will shut down the pathway - Answers Allosteric inhibitor
Allosteric site - Answers the site where a non-competitive inhibitor binds to
Allosteric enzyme - Answers the activity controlled by binding of non-competitive inhibitor at the
allosteric site, regulates and controls whether the pathway is on or off
Catabolic - Answers breakdown of fuel molecules
gradual process of many reactions
release energy a little at a time (used to make ATP)
Where does catabolic processes occur? - Answers mainly in the mitochondria
Substrate-level phosphorylation - Answers Phosphate transferred from phosphorylated
molecule directly to ADP
Oxidative phosphorylation - Answers Energry from electrons used to add phosphate to ADP
Which makes more ATP oxidative or subsrate-level phosphorylation - Answers Oxidative makes
a large amount of ATP, while substrate-level makes very little
What is phosphorylation? - Answers addition of phosphate ADP + phosphate = ATP
Where does oxidative phosphorylation get its electrons in cellular respiration? - Answers
electron transport chain
Where does substrate-level phosphorylation get its electrons in cellular respiration? - Answers
catabolism
Redox - Answers transfer of electrons
Reduction - Answers gain of electtrons
Oxidation - Answers loss of electrons
Reducing agent - Answers donate energy (e-) and are oxidized
Oxidizing agent - Answers accepts energy (e-) and are reduced
What is oxidized in respiration? - Answers glucose --> CO2
What is reduced in respiration? - Answers oxygen --> water
What usually has more H atoms those that are reduced or oxidized? - Answers those that are
reduced b/c it gains e-
What is the most oxidized state of glucose? - Answers CO2
, What are the 4 stages of cellular respiration? - Answers Glycolysis
Acetyl-CoA
Citric acid cycle
Oxidative phosphorykation
What are the fuel molecules for glycolysis? - Answers amino acids
fatty acids
glucose
What stages in cellular respiration are substrate level phosphorylation and what are oxidative? -
Answers stages 1-3 are substrate
stage 4 is oxidative
What is consumed and what is produced in stage 4 of cellular respiration (oxidative
phospjorylation) withiin the electron transport chain? - Answers oxygen is consumed and water
is produced
What stages gradually breakdown fuel molecules releasing energy in cellular respiration? -
Answers stages 1-3, glycolysiis, Acetyl-CoA and citric acid cycle
How many ATP are produced in cellular respiration? - Answers 32 ATP
What does NAD stand for? - Answers nicotine adenine dinucleotide
What does FAD stand for? - Answers flavin adenine dinucleotide
Which is reduced and which is oxidized in NAD+ and NADH? - Answers oxidized- NAD+
reduced- NADH
Which is reduced and which is oxidized in FAD+ and FADH? - Answers oxidized- FAD+
reduced- FADH
How many ATP are produuced by oxidative phosphorylation? - Answers 28 ATP
How many ATP are made with NADH in the electron transport chain in oxidation
phosphorylation? - Answers 2.5 ATP
How many ATP are made with FADH in the electron transport chain in oxidation phosphorylation?
- Answers 1.5 ATP
What is glycolysis? - Answers splitting of sugar
Gibbs free energy (G) - Answers energy available to do work (usable energy)
Exergonic reaction - Answers Spontaneous
produces energy to use
Catabolism (breaks things up -delta G)
Reactants have higher energy than the products
Endergonic reaction - Answers Non-spontaneous
requires energy
Anabolism (builds things up +delta G)
Reactants have a lower energy than products
Enzyme - Answers Accelerates the reaction by reducing the activation energy (energy required
to form the transition state)
When does a chemical reaction have the highest free energy - Answers While the reaction is
taking place
Do acids or bases have a greater amount of H+ ions - Answers Acids
Reaction is called? - Answers A substrate
The substrate binds to what in the enzyme? - Answers The active site
What is an irreversible inhibitor and what do they do? - Answers Form covalent bonds with the
enzymes and stay attached.
What are reversible inhibitors and what do they do? - Answers Form weak bonds with the
enzyme and can dissociate.
What are the two types of reversible inhibitors? - Answers Competitive and non-competitive
Competitive inhibitors - Answers bind to same site as substrate (active site), can be overcome
with large excess amount of substrate
Non-competitive inhibitors - Answers bind at different site than the substrate, change enzyme
shape and an enzyme must be an exact shape in order to work
Metabolic pathway - Answers series of chemical reactions that gradually modify a molecule,
each reaction requires different enzymes
,Too much of this product will shut down the pathway - Answers Allosteric inhibitor
Allosteric site - Answers the site where a non-competitive inhibitor binds to
Allosteric enzyme - Answers the activity controlled by binding of non-competitive inhibitor at the
allosteric site, regulates and controls whether the pathway is on or off
Catabolic - Answers breakdown of fuel molecules
gradual process of many reactions
release energy a little at a time (used to make ATP)
Where does catabolic processes occur? - Answers mainly in the mitochondria
Substrate-level phosphorylation - Answers Phosphate transferred from phosphorylated
molecule directly to ADP
Oxidative phosphorylation - Answers Energry from electrons used to add phosphate to ADP
Which makes more ATP oxidative or subsrate-level phosphorylation - Answers Oxidative makes
a large amount of ATP, while substrate-level makes very little
What is phosphorylation? - Answers addition of phosphate ADP + phosphate = ATP
Where does oxidative phosphorylation get its electrons in cellular respiration? - Answers
electron transport chain
Where does substrate-level phosphorylation get its electrons in cellular respiration? - Answers
catabolism
Redox - Answers transfer of electrons
Reduction - Answers gain of electtrons
Oxidation - Answers loss of electrons
Reducing agent - Answers donate energy (e-) and are oxidized
Oxidizing agent - Answers accepts energy (e-) and are reduced
What is oxidized in respiration? - Answers glucose --> CO2
What is reduced in respiration? - Answers oxygen --> water
What usually has more H atoms those that are reduced or oxidized? - Answers those that are
reduced b/c it gains e-
What is the most oxidized state of glucose? - Answers CO2
, What are the 4 stages of cellular respiration? - Answers Glycolysis
Acetyl-CoA
Citric acid cycle
Oxidative phosphorykation
What are the fuel molecules for glycolysis? - Answers amino acids
fatty acids
glucose
What stages in cellular respiration are substrate level phosphorylation and what are oxidative? -
Answers stages 1-3 are substrate
stage 4 is oxidative
What is consumed and what is produced in stage 4 of cellular respiration (oxidative
phospjorylation) withiin the electron transport chain? - Answers oxygen is consumed and water
is produced
What stages gradually breakdown fuel molecules releasing energy in cellular respiration? -
Answers stages 1-3, glycolysiis, Acetyl-CoA and citric acid cycle
How many ATP are produced in cellular respiration? - Answers 32 ATP
What does NAD stand for? - Answers nicotine adenine dinucleotide
What does FAD stand for? - Answers flavin adenine dinucleotide
Which is reduced and which is oxidized in NAD+ and NADH? - Answers oxidized- NAD+
reduced- NADH
Which is reduced and which is oxidized in FAD+ and FADH? - Answers oxidized- FAD+
reduced- FADH
How many ATP are produuced by oxidative phosphorylation? - Answers 28 ATP
How many ATP are made with NADH in the electron transport chain in oxidation
phosphorylation? - Answers 2.5 ATP
How many ATP are made with FADH in the electron transport chain in oxidation phosphorylation?
- Answers 1.5 ATP
What is glycolysis? - Answers splitting of sugar
