ISS 305 - Exam 2 Questions and Answers 100% Solved
Ways to test empirical statements (7): 1. Ignore question/statement
2. Rely on chance to decide
3. Rely on dogma
4. Rely on authority
5. Rely on 'common sense'
6. Rely in heuristics
7. Rely on observations
An example for relying on chance Flipping a coin or relying on mood
An example of relying on dogma An official system of principles concerning faith, morals,
behavior." The NFL dogma: Protect the Shield
An example of relying on authority Experts are more likely to be right, but still be a
skeptic
Example of relying on common sense People differ from what's common sense to them;
can be contradicting & there can be a common sense answer to almost anything
An example of relying on heuristics -bandwagon
-skeptic
,-past practice fallacy
An example of relying on observation Making 'scientific' observations
To test empirical statements we must: Rely on sensory experience, be able to verify &
falsify the statement through observation
The result of a scientific evaluation of an empirical statement is... Never certain
Example of empirical statements that are not certain: The sun will come up tomorrow
Our observations may be incorrect because of: -our perception & sound direction
-our perception of color (black, navy, blue)
-perceptual illusions
Our observations can be distorted by: -drugs
-fatigue
-altered states of consciousness (dreams)
An example of how out observations may be bias The Hastorf & Cantril study of the
college football game
, Examples of how out observations may be incomplete & can be falsified by others: -
when Magellan discovered the world was round
-gravity can indeed bend light, with the right observations
The probability of an empirical statement being true *approaches* 1.0 (an example of a
statement close to this would be "there is gravity"
The probability of an empirical statement bring false *approaches* 0.0, this point is also
easier to reach when observing an empirical statement (example that would be close to this is
the world is flat)
Never conclude that an empirical statement can be absolutely True or false
Who is Dr. Death? Dr. James Grigson, an 'expert' testimony of future dangerousness in
capital cases
For most states capital cases, what are the 2 phases? 1. Jury decides on guilt & whether
death penalty should be imposed
2. Only for those who would commit violent acts in the future
The 2 methods to predict future dangerousness are... 1. Clinical judgement
2. Statistical judgement
& neither method is very good, trained psychologists are wrong 50-65% of the time
Ways to test empirical statements (7): 1. Ignore question/statement
2. Rely on chance to decide
3. Rely on dogma
4. Rely on authority
5. Rely on 'common sense'
6. Rely in heuristics
7. Rely on observations
An example for relying on chance Flipping a coin or relying on mood
An example of relying on dogma An official system of principles concerning faith, morals,
behavior." The NFL dogma: Protect the Shield
An example of relying on authority Experts are more likely to be right, but still be a
skeptic
Example of relying on common sense People differ from what's common sense to them;
can be contradicting & there can be a common sense answer to almost anything
An example of relying on heuristics -bandwagon
-skeptic
,-past practice fallacy
An example of relying on observation Making 'scientific' observations
To test empirical statements we must: Rely on sensory experience, be able to verify &
falsify the statement through observation
The result of a scientific evaluation of an empirical statement is... Never certain
Example of empirical statements that are not certain: The sun will come up tomorrow
Our observations may be incorrect because of: -our perception & sound direction
-our perception of color (black, navy, blue)
-perceptual illusions
Our observations can be distorted by: -drugs
-fatigue
-altered states of consciousness (dreams)
An example of how out observations may be bias The Hastorf & Cantril study of the
college football game
, Examples of how out observations may be incomplete & can be falsified by others: -
when Magellan discovered the world was round
-gravity can indeed bend light, with the right observations
The probability of an empirical statement being true *approaches* 1.0 (an example of a
statement close to this would be "there is gravity"
The probability of an empirical statement bring false *approaches* 0.0, this point is also
easier to reach when observing an empirical statement (example that would be close to this is
the world is flat)
Never conclude that an empirical statement can be absolutely True or false
Who is Dr. Death? Dr. James Grigson, an 'expert' testimony of future dangerousness in
capital cases
For most states capital cases, what are the 2 phases? 1. Jury decides on guilt & whether
death penalty should be imposed
2. Only for those who would commit violent acts in the future
The 2 methods to predict future dangerousness are... 1. Clinical judgement
2. Statistical judgement
& neither method is very good, trained psychologists are wrong 50-65% of the time
