DETAILED ANSWERS|LATEST
* Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) 3-8 - ANSWER Severe TBI; normal or abnormal structural
imaging. LOC over 24 hours, post traumatic amnesia over 7 days
* Glasgow Coma Scale 9-12 - ANSWER Moderate TBI; LOC over 30 minutes but less
than 24 hours; alteration of consciousness over 24 hours, post traumatic amnesia more than
1 day but less than 7 days
* Glasgow Coma Scale 13-15 - ANSWER Mild TBI; normal imaging; LOC 0-30 minutes,
alteration of consciousness up to 24 hours, post traumatic amnesia up to 1 day
* 3 parts of neuron - ANSWER Cell body
Axon
Dendrites
* 2.5 million TBIs - ANSWER 53,000 deaths (2%)
284,000 hospitalizations (11%)
2,214,000 ED visits (87%)
* Coup-contrecoup - ANSWER When the brain accelerates in one directions, it
rebounds in the opposite direction
* Acquired Brain Injury - ANSWER An injury to the brain that is not hereditary,
congenital, degenerative or induced by birth trauma
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,* Traumatic Brain Injury - ANSWER An alteration of brain function or other evidence of
brain pathology caused by an external force
* Incidence - ANSWER Rate or range of occurrence
* Prevalence - ANSWER Number of people with a given condition at a specific point in
time
* What determines the effects of brain injury? - ANSWER Injury severity
Age at injury
Alcohol misuse
Domestic violence
Service in military
Participation in sports
* Concussion - ANSWER Mild TBI caused by bump, blow or jolt to head that can
change the way the brain works (or a fall)
Can occur in any sport or recreation activity
Memory loss
May or may not lose consciousness
* 2.5 million people sustained TBI in 2010 - ANSWER
* Brain Stem - ANSWER Top of spinal column
Central point for all incoming and outgoing information and basic life functions
* Limbic System - ANSWER Emotions and basic feelings
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,* Frontal Lobe Damage - ANSWER Executive function/personality
Lack of control of behaviors, poor short term memory and working memory
* Broca's Area - ANSWER Located in lower portion of motor cortex (left frontal-
temporal lobe)
Expression- production of speech
* Wernicke's Area - ANSWER Located in left temporal parietal area
Receptive- understanding of speech
* Risk of TBI after first injury - ANSWER 3x greater for 2nd injury
* Risk of TBI after second injury - ANSWER 8x greater for 3rd injury
* Alcohol and TBI - ANSWER 37%-51% of brain injuries
22% of drivers aged 15-20 involved in fatal MVAs had been drinking
56% not wearing seat belts
* Neurons - ANSWER Communicating cells
* Frontal Lobe - ANSWER Primary motor cortex and prefrontal cortex
Planning, organizing, problem solving, judgment, impulse control, decision making, working
memory, emotional control, motivation, verbal expression
* Occipital Lobe - ANSWER Visual stimuli processing
Brain Injury in Prisons - ANSWER 2 million people in prisons have a brain injury not
recognized, diagnosed or treated
3
, Female inmates convicted of violent crime are more likely to have sustained a pre crime TBI
or other form of physical abuse
Lost Productivity - ANSWER Loss of earning potential, payment of taxes and the re-
investment of earnings into the economy
Neurogenic Bladder - ANSWER Affected cerebral structures that control bladder
storage and emptying functions
Incontinence
Spasticity - ANSWER Increase in muscle tone resulting in abnormal motor patterns
Faster stretch = stronger spasm
Monitor for sedating effects of meds
Dura Mater - ANSWER Outer layer of meninges; heavy covering
Bleed in this area: subdural hematoma
Arachnoid Layer - ANSWER 2nd layer of meninges; similar to spider web
Bleed in this area: subdural hematoma
Pia Mater - ANSWER 3rd layer of meninges; molds around sulci and gyri of brain
Synapse - ANSWER Junction between cells
Action Potential - ANSWER Electrical impulse fired
Brain stem areas - ANSWER Medulla
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* Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) 3-8 - ANSWER Severe TBI; normal or abnormal structural
imaging. LOC over 24 hours, post traumatic amnesia over 7 days
* Glasgow Coma Scale 9-12 - ANSWER Moderate TBI; LOC over 30 minutes but less
than 24 hours; alteration of consciousness over 24 hours, post traumatic amnesia more than
1 day but less than 7 days
* Glasgow Coma Scale 13-15 - ANSWER Mild TBI; normal imaging; LOC 0-30 minutes,
alteration of consciousness up to 24 hours, post traumatic amnesia up to 1 day
* 3 parts of neuron - ANSWER Cell body
Axon
Dendrites
* 2.5 million TBIs - ANSWER 53,000 deaths (2%)
284,000 hospitalizations (11%)
2,214,000 ED visits (87%)
* Coup-contrecoup - ANSWER When the brain accelerates in one directions, it
rebounds in the opposite direction
* Acquired Brain Injury - ANSWER An injury to the brain that is not hereditary,
congenital, degenerative or induced by birth trauma
1
,* Traumatic Brain Injury - ANSWER An alteration of brain function or other evidence of
brain pathology caused by an external force
* Incidence - ANSWER Rate or range of occurrence
* Prevalence - ANSWER Number of people with a given condition at a specific point in
time
* What determines the effects of brain injury? - ANSWER Injury severity
Age at injury
Alcohol misuse
Domestic violence
Service in military
Participation in sports
* Concussion - ANSWER Mild TBI caused by bump, blow or jolt to head that can
change the way the brain works (or a fall)
Can occur in any sport or recreation activity
Memory loss
May or may not lose consciousness
* 2.5 million people sustained TBI in 2010 - ANSWER
* Brain Stem - ANSWER Top of spinal column
Central point for all incoming and outgoing information and basic life functions
* Limbic System - ANSWER Emotions and basic feelings
2
,* Frontal Lobe Damage - ANSWER Executive function/personality
Lack of control of behaviors, poor short term memory and working memory
* Broca's Area - ANSWER Located in lower portion of motor cortex (left frontal-
temporal lobe)
Expression- production of speech
* Wernicke's Area - ANSWER Located in left temporal parietal area
Receptive- understanding of speech
* Risk of TBI after first injury - ANSWER 3x greater for 2nd injury
* Risk of TBI after second injury - ANSWER 8x greater for 3rd injury
* Alcohol and TBI - ANSWER 37%-51% of brain injuries
22% of drivers aged 15-20 involved in fatal MVAs had been drinking
56% not wearing seat belts
* Neurons - ANSWER Communicating cells
* Frontal Lobe - ANSWER Primary motor cortex and prefrontal cortex
Planning, organizing, problem solving, judgment, impulse control, decision making, working
memory, emotional control, motivation, verbal expression
* Occipital Lobe - ANSWER Visual stimuli processing
Brain Injury in Prisons - ANSWER 2 million people in prisons have a brain injury not
recognized, diagnosed or treated
3
, Female inmates convicted of violent crime are more likely to have sustained a pre crime TBI
or other form of physical abuse
Lost Productivity - ANSWER Loss of earning potential, payment of taxes and the re-
investment of earnings into the economy
Neurogenic Bladder - ANSWER Affected cerebral structures that control bladder
storage and emptying functions
Incontinence
Spasticity - ANSWER Increase in muscle tone resulting in abnormal motor patterns
Faster stretch = stronger spasm
Monitor for sedating effects of meds
Dura Mater - ANSWER Outer layer of meninges; heavy covering
Bleed in this area: subdural hematoma
Arachnoid Layer - ANSWER 2nd layer of meninges; similar to spider web
Bleed in this area: subdural hematoma
Pia Mater - ANSWER 3rd layer of meninges; molds around sulci and gyri of brain
Synapse - ANSWER Junction between cells
Action Potential - ANSWER Electrical impulse fired
Brain stem areas - ANSWER Medulla
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