DETAILED ANSWERS|LATEST
Nuerocognitive Issues Assoicated with Frontal Lobe - ANSWER Emotional control,
behavioral control, verbal expression, problem solving, decision making, social control,
attention, motivation
Acquired BI - ANSWER An injury to the brain that is not hereditary, congenital or
degenerative or induced by birth trauma
TBI - ANSWER An alteration in brain function or other evidence of brain pathology,
casused by an external force
Mild TBI Characteristics - ANSWER Brief or no loss of consciousness for 0-30mins,
altered state of consciousness is most common and must be <24 hours, account for 75% of
TBIs, 13-15 on the GCS, normal imaging, highest prevalence of maltreatment as 16-25%
never seek care, often considered a concussion
Moderate TBI Characteristics - ANSWER Loss of consciousness for up to 24 hours, may
appear on scans, skull fractures and bleeding are common, 9-12 on the GCS
Severe TBI Characteristics - ANSWER Loss of consciousness >24 hours, 3-8 on the GCS
Likelihood of Additional Injury - ANSWER 1 BI increases risk of 2nd by 3x and 2nd BI
increases risk of 3rd by 8x!
Most Frequent Cause of TBI - ANSWER Falls
1
,How many people sustain a BI per year? - ANSWER 2.5 million. 81% visit ED, 16%
hsopitalized, 3% result in death
How many people are living with effects of a TBI? - ANSWER 13.5 million
Likelihood of BI by gender - ANSWER Men are 1.4x more likely than women
Most common cause of TBI and death by age - 75+ - ANSWER Falls!
Most common cause of TBI and death by age - 0-3 - ANSWER AHT!
Most common cause of TBI and death by age - 20-24 - ANSWER MVAs and Firearms
Most common cause of TBI and death by age - 16-19 - ANSWER MVAs!
CARF - ANSWER Accreditation agency for post acute BI programs, residential,
outpatient, vocational, home and community, stroke and pediatric programs - ensures
quality of services through requirements for accreditation and surveys
Joint Commission - ANSWER Accreditation agency for hospital based programs, may
accompany CARF accreditation, ensures quality of services through requirements for
accreditation and surveys
Olmsted Decison - ANSWER Supreme court case stimulated by two women living in a
nursing home in Georgia for community inclusion - resulted in federal and state initiatives to
improve and normalize community living
Model Systems of Care 1987 - ANSWER Resulted in research projects for TBI by the
NIDDR, established rehab facilities to provide care and complete clinical research in the
process
2
,Symptoms of Mild TBI - ANSWER Headache, fatigue, seizures, nausea, numbness, poor
sleep, light sensitivity, noise sensitivity, impaired hearing, blurred vision, dizziness, loss of
balance, neurological abnormality, in attentiveness, decreased concentration, poor memory,
impaired judgment, slow proccessing speed, executive dysfunction, depression, anxiety,
agitation, irritability, aggression, impulsivity
Primary causes of Mild TBI - ANSWER Traumatic intertial - brain moving inside skull
Traumatic impact - head hits directly
Early Treatment for Mild TBI - ANSWER Relaxation techniques, rest, slow return to
normal activity, and reduction of normal activity if symptoms recur
Peristent Post Concussive Symptoms (PPCS) - ANSWER Symptoms of Mild TBI last >1
month, occurs 10% of the time in Mild TBI cases
Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE) - ANSWER Often cause by repeated blows to
the head, is a progressive, degenerative condition characterized by broken nuerons which
continually release tau protein cashing dementia over time
Diffuse axonal injury -> tau protein release -> inflammation of the brain -> progressive
dementia
Define Skull - ANSWER Bony shell that protects the brain, has bony prominences inside
which can worsen brain injury
Cerebral Spinal Fluid (CSF) - ANSWER Provides cushion to nerve tissue, produced by
ventricles (4) which also store and circulation CSF through the brain
Meninges - ANSWER Pia Mater - molds around suclhi and gyri, deepest layer
3
, Arachnoid Mater - spiderweb-like, middle layer
Dura Mater - hard plastic, top layer
Nuerons vs Glial Cells - ANSWER Nuerons communicate electrical impulses throughout
brain while Glial cells support and nourish Nuerons
Synapse - ANSWER A junction between the axon of one neuron and the dendrite of
another, allows for passing of communication fro, nueron to neuron
Functions of the Parietal Lobe - ANSWER Sense of touch; differentiation of size, color,
and shape; visual perception; spatial perception
Functions of the Occipital Lobe - ANSWER Visual functions
Functions of the Frontal Lobe - ANSWER Planning; organizing; problem solving;
working memory; impulse control; decision making; personality; behavior; initiation;
anticipation; self-monitoring; motor planning; emotions; awareness of abilities; attention;
concentration; mental flexibility; speaking - all executive functions
Functions of the Temporal Lobe - ANSWER Hearing functions, memory, understanding
language, organization and sequencing
Functions of the Brain Stem - ANSWER Breathing, HR, arousal, consciousness,
sleep/wake functions, attention, concentration
Transmits all sensory information from body to brain and movement signals from the brain
to the body
Contains sensory centers for hearing, touch, taste, and balance
4
Nuerocognitive Issues Assoicated with Frontal Lobe - ANSWER Emotional control,
behavioral control, verbal expression, problem solving, decision making, social control,
attention, motivation
Acquired BI - ANSWER An injury to the brain that is not hereditary, congenital or
degenerative or induced by birth trauma
TBI - ANSWER An alteration in brain function or other evidence of brain pathology,
casused by an external force
Mild TBI Characteristics - ANSWER Brief or no loss of consciousness for 0-30mins,
altered state of consciousness is most common and must be <24 hours, account for 75% of
TBIs, 13-15 on the GCS, normal imaging, highest prevalence of maltreatment as 16-25%
never seek care, often considered a concussion
Moderate TBI Characteristics - ANSWER Loss of consciousness for up to 24 hours, may
appear on scans, skull fractures and bleeding are common, 9-12 on the GCS
Severe TBI Characteristics - ANSWER Loss of consciousness >24 hours, 3-8 on the GCS
Likelihood of Additional Injury - ANSWER 1 BI increases risk of 2nd by 3x and 2nd BI
increases risk of 3rd by 8x!
Most Frequent Cause of TBI - ANSWER Falls
1
,How many people sustain a BI per year? - ANSWER 2.5 million. 81% visit ED, 16%
hsopitalized, 3% result in death
How many people are living with effects of a TBI? - ANSWER 13.5 million
Likelihood of BI by gender - ANSWER Men are 1.4x more likely than women
Most common cause of TBI and death by age - 75+ - ANSWER Falls!
Most common cause of TBI and death by age - 0-3 - ANSWER AHT!
Most common cause of TBI and death by age - 20-24 - ANSWER MVAs and Firearms
Most common cause of TBI and death by age - 16-19 - ANSWER MVAs!
CARF - ANSWER Accreditation agency for post acute BI programs, residential,
outpatient, vocational, home and community, stroke and pediatric programs - ensures
quality of services through requirements for accreditation and surveys
Joint Commission - ANSWER Accreditation agency for hospital based programs, may
accompany CARF accreditation, ensures quality of services through requirements for
accreditation and surveys
Olmsted Decison - ANSWER Supreme court case stimulated by two women living in a
nursing home in Georgia for community inclusion - resulted in federal and state initiatives to
improve and normalize community living
Model Systems of Care 1987 - ANSWER Resulted in research projects for TBI by the
NIDDR, established rehab facilities to provide care and complete clinical research in the
process
2
,Symptoms of Mild TBI - ANSWER Headache, fatigue, seizures, nausea, numbness, poor
sleep, light sensitivity, noise sensitivity, impaired hearing, blurred vision, dizziness, loss of
balance, neurological abnormality, in attentiveness, decreased concentration, poor memory,
impaired judgment, slow proccessing speed, executive dysfunction, depression, anxiety,
agitation, irritability, aggression, impulsivity
Primary causes of Mild TBI - ANSWER Traumatic intertial - brain moving inside skull
Traumatic impact - head hits directly
Early Treatment for Mild TBI - ANSWER Relaxation techniques, rest, slow return to
normal activity, and reduction of normal activity if symptoms recur
Peristent Post Concussive Symptoms (PPCS) - ANSWER Symptoms of Mild TBI last >1
month, occurs 10% of the time in Mild TBI cases
Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE) - ANSWER Often cause by repeated blows to
the head, is a progressive, degenerative condition characterized by broken nuerons which
continually release tau protein cashing dementia over time
Diffuse axonal injury -> tau protein release -> inflammation of the brain -> progressive
dementia
Define Skull - ANSWER Bony shell that protects the brain, has bony prominences inside
which can worsen brain injury
Cerebral Spinal Fluid (CSF) - ANSWER Provides cushion to nerve tissue, produced by
ventricles (4) which also store and circulation CSF through the brain
Meninges - ANSWER Pia Mater - molds around suclhi and gyri, deepest layer
3
, Arachnoid Mater - spiderweb-like, middle layer
Dura Mater - hard plastic, top layer
Nuerons vs Glial Cells - ANSWER Nuerons communicate electrical impulses throughout
brain while Glial cells support and nourish Nuerons
Synapse - ANSWER A junction between the axon of one neuron and the dendrite of
another, allows for passing of communication fro, nueron to neuron
Functions of the Parietal Lobe - ANSWER Sense of touch; differentiation of size, color,
and shape; visual perception; spatial perception
Functions of the Occipital Lobe - ANSWER Visual functions
Functions of the Frontal Lobe - ANSWER Planning; organizing; problem solving;
working memory; impulse control; decision making; personality; behavior; initiation;
anticipation; self-monitoring; motor planning; emotions; awareness of abilities; attention;
concentration; mental flexibility; speaking - all executive functions
Functions of the Temporal Lobe - ANSWER Hearing functions, memory, understanding
language, organization and sequencing
Functions of the Brain Stem - ANSWER Breathing, HR, arousal, consciousness,
sleep/wake functions, attention, concentration
Transmits all sensory information from body to brain and movement signals from the brain
to the body
Contains sensory centers for hearing, touch, taste, and balance
4
