ANSWERS|LATEST UPDATE!!!!!2026|GUARANTEED
Diabetes Mellitus - ANSWER Diabetes mellitus is a syndrome of impaired
carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism caused by either lack of insulin secretion or
decreased sensitivity of the tissues to insulin.
insulin - ANSWER causes rapid uptake, storage, and use of glucose by almost all tissues
of the body (with exception to the brain).
Insulin plays an important role in storing the excess energy.
In the case of excess carbohydrates, insulin causes them to be stored as ______________
mainly in the _________________ and _______________. - ANSWER In the case of
excess carbohydrates, insulin causes them to be stored as glycogen mainly in the liver and
muscle.
Excess carbohydrates that cannot be stored as glycogen are converted under the stimulus of
insulin into _____________ and stored in ___________________. - ANSWER fats,
adipose tissue
When insulin binds to the membrane receptor, it increases transportation of what into the
cells? - ANSWER glucose
Additionally, the cell membrane becomes more permeable to many of the amino acids,
potassium ions, and phosphate ions, causing increased transport of these substances into
the cell.
1
,glucagon - ANSWER hormone secreted when the blood glucose concentration falls,
most important of these is to increase the blood glucose concentration, an effect that is
exactly the opposite of insulin.
Glucagon can elevate the blood glucose concentration by 25% in about 20 minutes and
therefore is called the hyperglycemic hormone.
what are the major effects of glucagon on glucose metabolism? - ANSWER Major
effects of glucagon on glucose metabolism are
(1) glycogenolysis (breakdown of liver glycogen) and
(2) increased gluconeogenesis (generation of glucose from non-carbohydrate substrates).
glycogenolysis - ANSWER breakdown of liver glycogen
gluconeogenesis - ANSWER generation of glucose from non-carbohydrate substrates
A fasting blood glucose above this value often indicates diabetes mellitus or at least marked
insulin resistance. - ANSWER A fasting blood glucose (early morning) >110 mg/100 mL
is the upper limit of normal.
islets of Langerhans - ANSWER cell clusters in the pancreas that form the endocrine
part of that organ
what are the 3 major cells types of the islets of Langerhans and what do they secrete? -
ANSWER alpha (25%) - secrete glucagon
beta (60%) - secrete insulin
delta (10%) - secrete somatostatin
2
,somatostatin - ANSWER Somatostatin depresses the secretion of both insulin and
glucagon,
decreases the motility of the stomach, duodenum, and gallbladder,
and decreases both secretion and absorption in the gastrointestinal
tract.
The principal role is to extend the period over which the food
nutrients are assimilated into the blood and decrease the utilization
of the absorbed nutrients by the tissues, thus preventing rapid
exhaustion of the food.
Type 1 Diabetes - ANSWER Deficiency of Insulin Production by Beta Cells of the
Pancreas
Also called insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) is caused by lack of insulin secretion
injury to the beta cells of the pancreas (viral infection / autoimmune disorders) impair
insulin production. The cause of T cell-mediated autoimmune destruction of beta cells in the
pancreas is unknown, although environmental triggers such as viruses, drugs, or chemicals
may initiate the autoimmune process in genetically susceptible hosts. Production of
antibodies to beta cell antigens with loss of beta cell function precedes the onset of clinical
diabetes
The lack of insulin decreases the efficiency of peripheral glucose utilization and augments
glucose production, raising plasma glucose to 300-1200 mg/100 mL. The increased plasma
glucose has multiple effects.
3 principle sequelae of type 1 DM - ANSWER (1) increase blood glucose.
(2) increased utilization of fats for energy for formation of cholesterol by the liver.
3
, (3) depletion of the body's proteins.
what are the consequences of increased plasma glucose levels? - ANSWER Loss of
Glucose in the Urine
Dehydration
The increased osmotic pressure in the extracellular fluids causes osmotic transfer of water
out of the cells.
Additionally, the loss of glucose in the urine causes osmotic diuresis.
Thus polyuria (excessive urine excretion), and increased thirst are classic symptoms of
diabetes
Tissue Injury
blood vessels in multiple tissues throughout the body begin to function abnormally and
undergo structural changes that result in inadequate blood supply to the tissues.
This in turn leads to increased risk for heart attack, stroke, end-stage kidney disease,
retinopathy and blindness, and ischemia or gangrene of the limbs.
causes damage nerves.
Peripheral neuropathy (abnormal function of peripheral nerves) and autonomic nervous
system dysfunction
.
These abnormalities can result in impaired cardiovascular reflexes, impaired bladder control,
and decreased sensation in the extremities.
4
Diabetes Mellitus - ANSWER Diabetes mellitus is a syndrome of impaired
carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism caused by either lack of insulin secretion or
decreased sensitivity of the tissues to insulin.
insulin - ANSWER causes rapid uptake, storage, and use of glucose by almost all tissues
of the body (with exception to the brain).
Insulin plays an important role in storing the excess energy.
In the case of excess carbohydrates, insulin causes them to be stored as ______________
mainly in the _________________ and _______________. - ANSWER In the case of
excess carbohydrates, insulin causes them to be stored as glycogen mainly in the liver and
muscle.
Excess carbohydrates that cannot be stored as glycogen are converted under the stimulus of
insulin into _____________ and stored in ___________________. - ANSWER fats,
adipose tissue
When insulin binds to the membrane receptor, it increases transportation of what into the
cells? - ANSWER glucose
Additionally, the cell membrane becomes more permeable to many of the amino acids,
potassium ions, and phosphate ions, causing increased transport of these substances into
the cell.
1
,glucagon - ANSWER hormone secreted when the blood glucose concentration falls,
most important of these is to increase the blood glucose concentration, an effect that is
exactly the opposite of insulin.
Glucagon can elevate the blood glucose concentration by 25% in about 20 minutes and
therefore is called the hyperglycemic hormone.
what are the major effects of glucagon on glucose metabolism? - ANSWER Major
effects of glucagon on glucose metabolism are
(1) glycogenolysis (breakdown of liver glycogen) and
(2) increased gluconeogenesis (generation of glucose from non-carbohydrate substrates).
glycogenolysis - ANSWER breakdown of liver glycogen
gluconeogenesis - ANSWER generation of glucose from non-carbohydrate substrates
A fasting blood glucose above this value often indicates diabetes mellitus or at least marked
insulin resistance. - ANSWER A fasting blood glucose (early morning) >110 mg/100 mL
is the upper limit of normal.
islets of Langerhans - ANSWER cell clusters in the pancreas that form the endocrine
part of that organ
what are the 3 major cells types of the islets of Langerhans and what do they secrete? -
ANSWER alpha (25%) - secrete glucagon
beta (60%) - secrete insulin
delta (10%) - secrete somatostatin
2
,somatostatin - ANSWER Somatostatin depresses the secretion of both insulin and
glucagon,
decreases the motility of the stomach, duodenum, and gallbladder,
and decreases both secretion and absorption in the gastrointestinal
tract.
The principal role is to extend the period over which the food
nutrients are assimilated into the blood and decrease the utilization
of the absorbed nutrients by the tissues, thus preventing rapid
exhaustion of the food.
Type 1 Diabetes - ANSWER Deficiency of Insulin Production by Beta Cells of the
Pancreas
Also called insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) is caused by lack of insulin secretion
injury to the beta cells of the pancreas (viral infection / autoimmune disorders) impair
insulin production. The cause of T cell-mediated autoimmune destruction of beta cells in the
pancreas is unknown, although environmental triggers such as viruses, drugs, or chemicals
may initiate the autoimmune process in genetically susceptible hosts. Production of
antibodies to beta cell antigens with loss of beta cell function precedes the onset of clinical
diabetes
The lack of insulin decreases the efficiency of peripheral glucose utilization and augments
glucose production, raising plasma glucose to 300-1200 mg/100 mL. The increased plasma
glucose has multiple effects.
3 principle sequelae of type 1 DM - ANSWER (1) increase blood glucose.
(2) increased utilization of fats for energy for formation of cholesterol by the liver.
3
, (3) depletion of the body's proteins.
what are the consequences of increased plasma glucose levels? - ANSWER Loss of
Glucose in the Urine
Dehydration
The increased osmotic pressure in the extracellular fluids causes osmotic transfer of water
out of the cells.
Additionally, the loss of glucose in the urine causes osmotic diuresis.
Thus polyuria (excessive urine excretion), and increased thirst are classic symptoms of
diabetes
Tissue Injury
blood vessels in multiple tissues throughout the body begin to function abnormally and
undergo structural changes that result in inadequate blood supply to the tissues.
This in turn leads to increased risk for heart attack, stroke, end-stage kidney disease,
retinopathy and blindness, and ischemia or gangrene of the limbs.
causes damage nerves.
Peripheral neuropathy (abnormal function of peripheral nerves) and autonomic nervous
system dysfunction
.
These abnormalities can result in impaired cardiovascular reflexes, impaired bladder control,
and decreased sensation in the extremities.
4
