Nephrotic syndrome - ANSWER characterized by massive proteinuria caused by
glomerular damage. corticosteroids are the mainstay; Associated with glomerulonephritis
and with an immune response that is noninflammatory.
Glomerular Injury: Diffuse and Focal - ANSWER Lesions that involve all or most (> 50%)
of the glomeruli (plural) are termed diffuse, and lesions that involve some (< 50%) of the
glomeruli are termed focal (e.g., focal segmental glomerulonephritis).
Glomerular injury: Global and Segmental - ANSWER When a whole glomerulus
(singular) is affected, the lesion is termed global, and the lesion is considered segmental if
only a portion (< 50%) of the glomerulus is affected.
Glomerulonephritis - ANSWER An inflammatory disorder of the glomeruli, and most
forms occur as a result of activation of immune mechanisms.
Nephritic syndrome - ANSWER Associated with glomerulonephritis and an immune
response that is inflammatory. A key feature is the passage of leukocytes, red blood cells,
and plasma proteins which occur as a result of inflammation.
1.) LIMITED proteinuria 2.) Oliguria and Azotemia 3.) Salt retention -- periorbital edema and
hypertension(salt/fluid retention) 4.) RBC casts and dysmorphic RBCs in urine-- Immune
Complex deposition activated Complement; C5a attracts neutrophils which mediate the
damage
Proliferative structural (histologic) descriptor - ANSWER refers to an increase in
glomerular cells (e.g., mesangial, endothelial, basement membrane). In the extra capillary
space, this forms specific lesions that are termed crescents, which are made of
1
,macrophages, fibroblasts, and other cells. These crescent cells accumulate in the Bowman
space and represent a rupture of the capsule.
sclerosing structural (histologic) descriptor - ANSWER refers to glomerular scar
formation, and when the scarring is between the glomerulus and tubules, it is referred to as
interstitial fibrosis.
necrotizing structural (histologic) descriptor - ANSWER refers to cellular death.
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)
Also called benign prostatic hypertrophy - ANSWER A common, nonmalignant
enlargement of the prostate gland that occurs as men age, usually appearing by age 50.
Bladder cancer - ANSWER cancerous tumor that arises from the cells lining the
bladder; major sign is hematuria
Diagnostic procedures for hydronephrosis - ANSWER History
physical examination
urinalysis
renal ultrasound
CT
intravenous pyelogram
MRI.
Hydronephrosis - ANSWER An abnormal dilation of the renal pelvis and the calyces of
one or both kidneys that occurs secondary to a disease.
Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) - ANSWER inherited disease in which sacs of fluid
called cysts develop in the kidneys
2
, Renal cell carcinoma - ANSWER cancerous tumor that arises from kidney tubule cells;
most frequently occurring kidney cancer in adults (most common in those 50-70 years of
age).
Renal cell carcinoma signs and symptoms - ANSWER Hematuria
An abdominal renal mass that is firm
Abdominal flank pain described as dull and achy
Unexplained weight loss
Other symptoms may include scrotal varicoceles. If the inferior vena cava is affected, then
manifestations can include edema, ascites, and hepatic problems.
Signs and symptoms of bladder cancer - ANSWER Painless hematuria that is gross (i.e.,
visible) or microscopic. The hematuria is intermittent and occurs throughout all of
micturition as opposed to just the beginning.
Irritative symptoms such as frequency, urgency, and dysuria may be present and occur due
to detrusor overactivity, obstruction, or decrease in bladder capacity.
Flank or abdominal pain (e.g., suprapubic) are usually signs of more advanced cancer.
Other general symptoms such as fatigue, weight loss, or anorexia are also manifestations of
more advanced disease. Physical examination findings may reveal the presence of a pelvic or
abdominal mass (if advanced) and prostate induration.
Treatment for hydronephrosis - ANSWER treat underlying cause and facilitating urine
flow will be necessary if UTIs develop.
3
glomerular damage. corticosteroids are the mainstay; Associated with glomerulonephritis
and with an immune response that is noninflammatory.
Glomerular Injury: Diffuse and Focal - ANSWER Lesions that involve all or most (> 50%)
of the glomeruli (plural) are termed diffuse, and lesions that involve some (< 50%) of the
glomeruli are termed focal (e.g., focal segmental glomerulonephritis).
Glomerular injury: Global and Segmental - ANSWER When a whole glomerulus
(singular) is affected, the lesion is termed global, and the lesion is considered segmental if
only a portion (< 50%) of the glomerulus is affected.
Glomerulonephritis - ANSWER An inflammatory disorder of the glomeruli, and most
forms occur as a result of activation of immune mechanisms.
Nephritic syndrome - ANSWER Associated with glomerulonephritis and an immune
response that is inflammatory. A key feature is the passage of leukocytes, red blood cells,
and plasma proteins which occur as a result of inflammation.
1.) LIMITED proteinuria 2.) Oliguria and Azotemia 3.) Salt retention -- periorbital edema and
hypertension(salt/fluid retention) 4.) RBC casts and dysmorphic RBCs in urine-- Immune
Complex deposition activated Complement; C5a attracts neutrophils which mediate the
damage
Proliferative structural (histologic) descriptor - ANSWER refers to an increase in
glomerular cells (e.g., mesangial, endothelial, basement membrane). In the extra capillary
space, this forms specific lesions that are termed crescents, which are made of
1
,macrophages, fibroblasts, and other cells. These crescent cells accumulate in the Bowman
space and represent a rupture of the capsule.
sclerosing structural (histologic) descriptor - ANSWER refers to glomerular scar
formation, and when the scarring is between the glomerulus and tubules, it is referred to as
interstitial fibrosis.
necrotizing structural (histologic) descriptor - ANSWER refers to cellular death.
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)
Also called benign prostatic hypertrophy - ANSWER A common, nonmalignant
enlargement of the prostate gland that occurs as men age, usually appearing by age 50.
Bladder cancer - ANSWER cancerous tumor that arises from the cells lining the
bladder; major sign is hematuria
Diagnostic procedures for hydronephrosis - ANSWER History
physical examination
urinalysis
renal ultrasound
CT
intravenous pyelogram
MRI.
Hydronephrosis - ANSWER An abnormal dilation of the renal pelvis and the calyces of
one or both kidneys that occurs secondary to a disease.
Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) - ANSWER inherited disease in which sacs of fluid
called cysts develop in the kidneys
2
, Renal cell carcinoma - ANSWER cancerous tumor that arises from kidney tubule cells;
most frequently occurring kidney cancer in adults (most common in those 50-70 years of
age).
Renal cell carcinoma signs and symptoms - ANSWER Hematuria
An abdominal renal mass that is firm
Abdominal flank pain described as dull and achy
Unexplained weight loss
Other symptoms may include scrotal varicoceles. If the inferior vena cava is affected, then
manifestations can include edema, ascites, and hepatic problems.
Signs and symptoms of bladder cancer - ANSWER Painless hematuria that is gross (i.e.,
visible) or microscopic. The hematuria is intermittent and occurs throughout all of
micturition as opposed to just the beginning.
Irritative symptoms such as frequency, urgency, and dysuria may be present and occur due
to detrusor overactivity, obstruction, or decrease in bladder capacity.
Flank or abdominal pain (e.g., suprapubic) are usually signs of more advanced cancer.
Other general symptoms such as fatigue, weight loss, or anorexia are also manifestations of
more advanced disease. Physical examination findings may reveal the presence of a pelvic or
abdominal mass (if advanced) and prostate induration.
Treatment for hydronephrosis - ANSWER treat underlying cause and facilitating urine
flow will be necessary if UTIs develop.
3
