COMM 291 FINAL EXAM COMPLETE
QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED ANSWERS 2026
⩥ Binary Data. Answer: Type of categorical data
Only two posisbeo values
Eg. 0/1, yes/no, survive/die
⩥ Nominal data. Answer: Type of categorical data
More than two categories that are unordered
Eg. ethnicity, marital status, BCOM major
⩥ Ordinal data. Answer: Type of categorical data
More than two categories that are ordered
Eg. test grade (a,b,c,d,f), bronze/silver/gold
⩥ Quantitative Data. Answer: Has measurement units but sometimes
units are imaginary
Characterized by involvement of measuring process such as measuring
instrument or questionnaire
eg. Age, height, weight, salary, return or investment
,⩥ Quantitative variables can be created by _____. Answer: Summing up
ordinal variables
⩥ Some variables can be quantitative in theory but ___. Answer:
Categorical in practice
⩥ Some variables can be expressed as ____. Answer: More than one
type of data
⩥ In general there is more information in ____ data than in ______.
Answer: Quantitative, categorical
⩥ Example of Identifier variable. Answer: Student number, SIN
⩥ Example of String Variable. Answer: Words, date, time
⩥ String and Identifier variables are ____. Answer: Not categorical or
quantitative even though they look like numbers because there are no
units
⩥ Cross Sectional Data. Answer: Data are collected at one point in time
Eg. Surveys
,⩥ Time Series Data. Answer: Data are collected longitudinally at various
time points
Eg.sales records
⩥ Area principle. Answer: A principle that helps to interpret statistical
information by insisting that in a statistical display each data value be
represented by the same amount of area.
⩥ Relative frequency bar chart. Answer: Shows a bar representing the
(percentage) count of each category in a categorical variable
⩥ Categorical data condition. Answer: Stats or counts or percents of
individuals in catageories
⩥ Column percent. Answer: Proportion of each column contained in the
cell of contingency table
⩥ Conditional distubutuon. Answer: The distribution of a variable
restricting the Who to consider only a smaller group of idnidviduoas
⩥ Contingency table. Answer: Displays counts and % of individuals
falling into naked categories on two or more variables. The table
categorizes the individuals on all variables at once to reveal possible
patterns in one variable that may be contingent on the category of
another
, ⩥ Distribution. Answer: List of all possible values of variable and
relative frequency of variable
⩥ Frequency table. Answer: Table that laísta categories in categorical
variable and gives the number of observations for each category
⩥ Independent variable/independence. Answer: distribution of the
variable is same for each category of the other variable
⩥ Mariginal distribution. Answer: Distribution of either variable alone.
& the counts or % are the totals found in the margins of the table
⩥ Relative frequency table. Answer: Table showing proportions/%
instead of numbers (make sure to always consider the size of the
denominator being used to compute %)
⩥ Row percent. Answer: Proportion of each row contained in the cell of
a contingency table
⩥ Simpson's paradox. Answer: Averages or percents are taken across diff
groups and these group averages apprear to contradict overall averages
QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED ANSWERS 2026
⩥ Binary Data. Answer: Type of categorical data
Only two posisbeo values
Eg. 0/1, yes/no, survive/die
⩥ Nominal data. Answer: Type of categorical data
More than two categories that are unordered
Eg. ethnicity, marital status, BCOM major
⩥ Ordinal data. Answer: Type of categorical data
More than two categories that are ordered
Eg. test grade (a,b,c,d,f), bronze/silver/gold
⩥ Quantitative Data. Answer: Has measurement units but sometimes
units are imaginary
Characterized by involvement of measuring process such as measuring
instrument or questionnaire
eg. Age, height, weight, salary, return or investment
,⩥ Quantitative variables can be created by _____. Answer: Summing up
ordinal variables
⩥ Some variables can be quantitative in theory but ___. Answer:
Categorical in practice
⩥ Some variables can be expressed as ____. Answer: More than one
type of data
⩥ In general there is more information in ____ data than in ______.
Answer: Quantitative, categorical
⩥ Example of Identifier variable. Answer: Student number, SIN
⩥ Example of String Variable. Answer: Words, date, time
⩥ String and Identifier variables are ____. Answer: Not categorical or
quantitative even though they look like numbers because there are no
units
⩥ Cross Sectional Data. Answer: Data are collected at one point in time
Eg. Surveys
,⩥ Time Series Data. Answer: Data are collected longitudinally at various
time points
Eg.sales records
⩥ Area principle. Answer: A principle that helps to interpret statistical
information by insisting that in a statistical display each data value be
represented by the same amount of area.
⩥ Relative frequency bar chart. Answer: Shows a bar representing the
(percentage) count of each category in a categorical variable
⩥ Categorical data condition. Answer: Stats or counts or percents of
individuals in catageories
⩥ Column percent. Answer: Proportion of each column contained in the
cell of contingency table
⩥ Conditional distubutuon. Answer: The distribution of a variable
restricting the Who to consider only a smaller group of idnidviduoas
⩥ Contingency table. Answer: Displays counts and % of individuals
falling into naked categories on two or more variables. The table
categorizes the individuals on all variables at once to reveal possible
patterns in one variable that may be contingent on the category of
another
, ⩥ Distribution. Answer: List of all possible values of variable and
relative frequency of variable
⩥ Frequency table. Answer: Table that laísta categories in categorical
variable and gives the number of observations for each category
⩥ Independent variable/independence. Answer: distribution of the
variable is same for each category of the other variable
⩥ Mariginal distribution. Answer: Distribution of either variable alone.
& the counts or % are the totals found in the margins of the table
⩥ Relative frequency table. Answer: Table showing proportions/%
instead of numbers (make sure to always consider the size of the
denominator being used to compute %)
⩥ Row percent. Answer: Proportion of each row contained in the cell of
a contingency table
⩥ Simpson's paradox. Answer: Averages or percents are taken across diff
groups and these group averages apprear to contradict overall averages
