JMU Psych 160 Final Exam Review
(Lyons) with correct answers 2025
Macrosystem - correct-answers -attitudes and ideologies of the culture
Exosystem - correct-answers -consists of social settings that do not contain the developing
person but nevertheless affect experiences in immediate settings
Mesosystem - correct-answers -the interaction of different microsystems which children find
themselves in
Microsystems - correct-answers -each person's immediate surroundings, such as family and
peer group
Prenatal Growth - correct-answers -Growth before birth in 3 stages...
Germinal Stage
Embryonic Stage
Fetal Stage
,Germinal Stage - correct-answers --Chromosomes within the single cell zygote are duplicated
-Cell then divides into 2 and the outer parts of the body, lower layer will form the placenta and
implant in the uterus
Embryonic Stage - correct-answers --Will start to look more like a human, brain develops
-Primitive streak: Thin split will appear in the upper layer of the embryo
-Neural Tube: Brain, spinal cord, central nervous system develop
-Cephalocauda Development: Head to tail (head down to toes begin to develop)
Proximal Development: Near to far (extremities of the body develop)
-Has human features but no sex
Fetal Stage - correct-answers --Sex organs, cardiovascular, digestive, and excretory systems
develop. Brain grows and develops
-Baby grows to full term and is able to live outside the womb
Teratogens - correct-answers --Factors between conception and birth that can affect
development
Ex: Exposer to drugs and alcohol
-Stress, malnutrition, and environmental issues can affect the fetus too
Critical Period - correct-answers -A time in which a behavior or system will develop if the right
environmental input is present
Sensitive Period - correct-answers -Aspects of development can best develop during which is
susceptible to environmental influence
Steps in the Research Process - correct-answers --Identify a question
,-Form a hypothesis
-Test the hypothesis (observation, survey, case study, correlations, experiment)
-Replicate
-Share results
Cohort or cross-sectional - correct-answers --Taking 2 (or more) different groups and
seeing/comparing the groups
-Measure events in chronological order or be used to distinguish cause and effect
-Determine prevalence
Longitudinal study - correct-answers --A research approach that follows a group of people over
time to determine change or stability in behavior.
Cross-sequential - correct-answers -Combination of longitudinal and cross-sectional and
comparing results
Sandra Scarr interaction between genes and environment - correct-answers --Active
-Passive
-Evocative
Active - correct-answers -Children focus on those aspects of their environment that match their
genetic ability
Ex: Child really wants to go to the water on their own so the child goes
Passive - correct-answers -The environment provides opportunities that connect with the
genetic ability. Parents may push for the child to do something
Ex: Parents push the child to go into the water
, Evocative - correct-answers -The child's genetic makeup leads them to believe in ways that
evoke influence. Or the child does something that evokes an influence
Ex: Parents see that their child likes the water so they bring them to the water
Race - correct-answers -Grouping people on the basis of a difference in appearance
Ethnicity - correct-answers -Social groups that share a common identity based on shared values
like traditions, customs, language
Social Constructs - correct-answers --Similarities in race and ethnicity
-Based on shared ideas between people
Synaptogenesis - correct-answers -building connections in the brain and learning
Synaptic Pruning - correct-answers -The (synapses) things we don't need anymore we prune out
or get rid of things we don't need anymore
Myelination - correct-answers --Speeds up the transmission of neural impulses down the axon
of the neuron
Language acquisition device - correct-answers -Chomsky's concept of an innate, prewired
mechanism in the brain that allows children to acquire language naturally
Upper part of the brain - correct-answers --Interprets things we see and hear
Middle part of the brain - correct-answers -Controls moving and movements
(Lyons) with correct answers 2025
Macrosystem - correct-answers -attitudes and ideologies of the culture
Exosystem - correct-answers -consists of social settings that do not contain the developing
person but nevertheless affect experiences in immediate settings
Mesosystem - correct-answers -the interaction of different microsystems which children find
themselves in
Microsystems - correct-answers -each person's immediate surroundings, such as family and
peer group
Prenatal Growth - correct-answers -Growth before birth in 3 stages...
Germinal Stage
Embryonic Stage
Fetal Stage
,Germinal Stage - correct-answers --Chromosomes within the single cell zygote are duplicated
-Cell then divides into 2 and the outer parts of the body, lower layer will form the placenta and
implant in the uterus
Embryonic Stage - correct-answers --Will start to look more like a human, brain develops
-Primitive streak: Thin split will appear in the upper layer of the embryo
-Neural Tube: Brain, spinal cord, central nervous system develop
-Cephalocauda Development: Head to tail (head down to toes begin to develop)
Proximal Development: Near to far (extremities of the body develop)
-Has human features but no sex
Fetal Stage - correct-answers --Sex organs, cardiovascular, digestive, and excretory systems
develop. Brain grows and develops
-Baby grows to full term and is able to live outside the womb
Teratogens - correct-answers --Factors between conception and birth that can affect
development
Ex: Exposer to drugs and alcohol
-Stress, malnutrition, and environmental issues can affect the fetus too
Critical Period - correct-answers -A time in which a behavior or system will develop if the right
environmental input is present
Sensitive Period - correct-answers -Aspects of development can best develop during which is
susceptible to environmental influence
Steps in the Research Process - correct-answers --Identify a question
,-Form a hypothesis
-Test the hypothesis (observation, survey, case study, correlations, experiment)
-Replicate
-Share results
Cohort or cross-sectional - correct-answers --Taking 2 (or more) different groups and
seeing/comparing the groups
-Measure events in chronological order or be used to distinguish cause and effect
-Determine prevalence
Longitudinal study - correct-answers --A research approach that follows a group of people over
time to determine change or stability in behavior.
Cross-sequential - correct-answers -Combination of longitudinal and cross-sectional and
comparing results
Sandra Scarr interaction between genes and environment - correct-answers --Active
-Passive
-Evocative
Active - correct-answers -Children focus on those aspects of their environment that match their
genetic ability
Ex: Child really wants to go to the water on their own so the child goes
Passive - correct-answers -The environment provides opportunities that connect with the
genetic ability. Parents may push for the child to do something
Ex: Parents push the child to go into the water
, Evocative - correct-answers -The child's genetic makeup leads them to believe in ways that
evoke influence. Or the child does something that evokes an influence
Ex: Parents see that their child likes the water so they bring them to the water
Race - correct-answers -Grouping people on the basis of a difference in appearance
Ethnicity - correct-answers -Social groups that share a common identity based on shared values
like traditions, customs, language
Social Constructs - correct-answers --Similarities in race and ethnicity
-Based on shared ideas between people
Synaptogenesis - correct-answers -building connections in the brain and learning
Synaptic Pruning - correct-answers -The (synapses) things we don't need anymore we prune out
or get rid of things we don't need anymore
Myelination - correct-answers --Speeds up the transmission of neural impulses down the axon
of the neuron
Language acquisition device - correct-answers -Chomsky's concept of an innate, prewired
mechanism in the brain that allows children to acquire language naturally
Upper part of the brain - correct-answers --Interprets things we see and hear
Middle part of the brain - correct-answers -Controls moving and movements
