Inhoud
H1 - Training in organisaties.................................................................................. 8
Doelen van H1.................................................................................................... 8
A: Training: system en processen.......................................................................8
B: Het ADDIE model............................................................................................ 9
ANALYSE........................................................................................................ 10
DESIGN.......................................................................................................... 10
DEVELOPMENT............................................................................................... 11
IMPLEMENTATIE............................................................................................. 11
EVALUATIE..................................................................................................... 12
C: Alternatieve trainingsproces modellen.........................................................13
E: belangrijke concepten en betekenissen........................................................13
F: Key Issues voor training................................................................................15
G: een carrière in opleiding (ik sla dit stuk over)..............................................15
H: Focus op kleine bedrijven.............................................................................16
I: oefening op einde van hoofdstuk 1................................................................16
J: Questions for review...................................................................................... 16
H4 – TNA: Training Needs Analysis.......................................................................17
Wat?.................................................................................................................. 17
Doelen van H4.................................................................................................. 17
Doel van TNA?.................................................................................................. 17
Wanneer geen TNA uitvoeren?.........................................................................18
Het TNA-model.................................................................................................. 18
Waar moet je PG’s zoeken?...............................................................................20
Hoe data/input verzamelen?............................................................................. 21
Methode 1: Analyse van de organisatie.........................................................21
Methode 2: Analyse van de processen (operational analysis).......................22
Methode 3: Analyse van de medewerkers.....................................................26
Final thoughts bij verzamelen van data voor de TNA.....................................30
Snelle behoefteanalyse..................................................................................... 30
TNA Output....................................................................................................... 31
Proactieve TNA en Reactieve TNA.....................................................................33
Proactieve TNA.............................................................................................. 33
Reactieve TNA............................................................................................... 34
Focus on small business................................................................................... 35
Appendix 4.1:................................................................................................... 35
,H5 – Training DESIGN........................................................................................... 37
Doelen van H5.................................................................................................. 37
Overzicht.......................................................................................................... 38
Organizational constraints (belemmeringen)....................................................39
Het opstellen van doelen..................................................................................40
Een goed doel bestaat uit 3 onderdelen........................................................40
Een goed doel opstellen................................................................................ 41
Purpose Statements: kort hoofddoel.............................................................42
Waarom Trainingsdoelen gebruiken?................................................................43
Leer- en transfermodel (Baldwin & Ford) (uit HC 3)..........................................44
Faciliteren van LEREN: focus op de trainee.......................................................45
Motivatie van de trainee................................................................................ 45
Faciliteren van LEREN: focus op training ontwerp.............................................48
Social Learning Theory = SLT (Bandura)........................................................48
Elaboration theory (ET).................................................................................. 49
Gagné-Brigs model en SLT (van Bandura).....................................................51
Strategic knowledge...................................................................................... 52
Experiential learning: een héél belangrijk designonderdeel..........................53
Faciliteren van TRANSFER: focus op training.....................................................54
Conditions of practice (omstandigheden van de oefening)...........................54
Goal setting................................................................................................... 56
Relapse prevention........................................................................................ 56
Faciliteren van TRANSFER: focus op organisatorische interventies...................57
Supervisor support........................................................................................ 57
Peer support.................................................................................................. 57
Trainer support.............................................................................................. 57
Reward system.............................................................................................. 57
Evaluatie van gedrag en resultaten...............................................................57
Klimaat en cultuur......................................................................................... 57
Focus op kleine ondernemingen.......................................................................58
Outcome van het design…............................................................................... 58
Alternatieve manieren van instructie:...........................................................58
Evaluatiedoelen............................................................................................. 58
Samenvatting van H5....................................................................................... 60
H6: Traditionele trainingmethodes.......................................................................62
overzicht........................................................................................................... 62
lectures en demonstraties................................................................................62
, Straight lecture.............................................................................................. 62
Lecture/discussion methode..........................................................................64
Demonstrations............................................................................................. 64
Sterktes en zwaktes van Lectures en Demonstrations..................................64
karakteristieken van de trainee group...........................................................65
Games en simulations...................................................................................... 66
Equipment simulators.................................................................................... 66
Business games............................................................................................. 66
In-Basket technique (postvakoefening).........................................................66
Case Studies.................................................................................................. 67
Rollenspel...................................................................................................... 67
Behavior Modeling......................................................................................... 68
Oefeningen en Activiteiten............................................................................69
SAMENGEVAT.................................................................................................... 71
Blended learning.................................................................................................. 71
On-the-job-training.............................................................................................. 72
Leren gebeurt dan meestal via JIT (Job Instruction Techniques):.......................72
OJT via “apprenticeship training”......................................................................73
Coaching........................................................................................................... 73
Mentoring......................................................................................................... 74
Matching methods with outcome.........................................................................76
Informal learning.................................................................................................. 76
Audiovisuele versterking van training..................................................................77
statische media................................................................................................ 77
dynamische media = audio en video................................................................77
H7 – Elektronische trainingsmethoden................................................................80
Het Learning Technology Ecosystem.................................................................80
Delivery Channel Options................................................................................. 81
Webinars én online instructeur-geleide cursussen.........................................81
Online communities....................................................................................... 81
Remote mentoring......................................................................................... 81
E-learning...................................................................................................... 81
Online games en online simulations..............................................................81
Virtual labs.................................................................................................... 81
Artificial intelligence...................................................................................... 82
Toegankelijkheidsoverwegingen....................................................................82
LMS: Learning Management Systems...............................................................82
, E-training delivery systems..............................................................................82
Technologie-ondersteunde training...................................................................83
Afstemmen van leveringsmethode op het trainingsdoel...............................84
Sterktes en beperkingen van e-training............................................................84
Learning Objectives (KSA’s)...........................................................................85
H8 - Development, implementation and transfer of training...............................86
Doelen van H8.................................................................................................. 86
Ontwikkeling van training.................................................................................87
keuze instructiemethode............................................................................... 87
Instructiestrategie (= trainingsplan).................................................................87
Leerdoelen georganiseerd in Trainingmodules met Leerpunten....................87
De Trainer......................................................................................................... 91
Trainercapaciteiten........................................................................................ 91
Ervaring en geloofwaardigheid van de trainer...............................................91
OJT-trainers.................................................................................................... 92
Gebruik van externe middelen voor training.................................................92
Implementatiefase: input – process – output.......................................................93
Implementatie-ideeën voor trainingsstructuur.................................................94
Implementatie ideeën voor trainers.................................................................95
Dry Run............................................................................................................. 96
Pilootprogramma.............................................................................................. 96
Transfer van de training.................................................................................... 96
H9 – Evaluatie van trainingen.............................................................................. 97
Doelen van H9.................................................................................................. 97
9.1 Weerstand tegen evalueren… de 3 hoofdexcuses:.....................................98
9.2 Voordelen van evalueren............................................................................ 98
9.3 Soorten verzamelde evaluatiedata.............................................................98
9.3.1 Procesevaluatie.................................................................................... 98
9.3.2 Outcome evalutie............................................................................... 101
9.3.3: Kosten/batenanalyse.........................................................................105
9.3.4 Wanneer en welk type evaluatie gebruiken?......................................106
Focus op kleine bedrijven...............................................................................106
Samengevat................................................................................................... 106
H1 - Training in organisaties.................................................................................. 8
Doelen van H1.................................................................................................... 8
A: Training: system en processen.......................................................................8
B: Het ADDIE model............................................................................................ 9
ANALYSE........................................................................................................ 10
DESIGN.......................................................................................................... 10
DEVELOPMENT............................................................................................... 11
IMPLEMENTATIE............................................................................................. 11
EVALUATIE..................................................................................................... 12
C: Alternatieve trainingsproces modellen.........................................................13
E: belangrijke concepten en betekenissen........................................................13
F: Key Issues voor training................................................................................15
G: een carrière in opleiding (ik sla dit stuk over)..............................................15
H: Focus op kleine bedrijven.............................................................................16
I: oefening op einde van hoofdstuk 1................................................................16
J: Questions for review...................................................................................... 16
H4 – TNA: Training Needs Analysis.......................................................................17
Wat?.................................................................................................................. 17
Doelen van H4.................................................................................................. 17
Doel van TNA?.................................................................................................. 17
Wanneer geen TNA uitvoeren?.........................................................................18
Het TNA-model.................................................................................................. 18
Waar moet je PG’s zoeken?...............................................................................20
Hoe data/input verzamelen?............................................................................. 21
Methode 1: Analyse van de organisatie.........................................................21
Methode 2: Analyse van de processen (operational analysis).......................22
Methode 3: Analyse van de medewerkers.....................................................26
Final thoughts bij verzamelen van data voor de TNA.....................................30
Snelle behoefteanalyse..................................................................................... 30
TNA Output....................................................................................................... 31
Proactieve TNA en Reactieve TNA.....................................................................33
Proactieve TNA.............................................................................................. 33
Reactieve TNA............................................................................................... 34
Focus on small business................................................................................... 35
Appendix 4.1:................................................................................................... 35
,H5 – Training DESIGN........................................................................................... 37
Doelen van H5.................................................................................................. 37
Overzicht.......................................................................................................... 38
Organizational constraints (belemmeringen)....................................................39
Het opstellen van doelen..................................................................................40
Een goed doel bestaat uit 3 onderdelen........................................................40
Een goed doel opstellen................................................................................ 41
Purpose Statements: kort hoofddoel.............................................................42
Waarom Trainingsdoelen gebruiken?................................................................43
Leer- en transfermodel (Baldwin & Ford) (uit HC 3)..........................................44
Faciliteren van LEREN: focus op de trainee.......................................................45
Motivatie van de trainee................................................................................ 45
Faciliteren van LEREN: focus op training ontwerp.............................................48
Social Learning Theory = SLT (Bandura)........................................................48
Elaboration theory (ET).................................................................................. 49
Gagné-Brigs model en SLT (van Bandura).....................................................51
Strategic knowledge...................................................................................... 52
Experiential learning: een héél belangrijk designonderdeel..........................53
Faciliteren van TRANSFER: focus op training.....................................................54
Conditions of practice (omstandigheden van de oefening)...........................54
Goal setting................................................................................................... 56
Relapse prevention........................................................................................ 56
Faciliteren van TRANSFER: focus op organisatorische interventies...................57
Supervisor support........................................................................................ 57
Peer support.................................................................................................. 57
Trainer support.............................................................................................. 57
Reward system.............................................................................................. 57
Evaluatie van gedrag en resultaten...............................................................57
Klimaat en cultuur......................................................................................... 57
Focus op kleine ondernemingen.......................................................................58
Outcome van het design…............................................................................... 58
Alternatieve manieren van instructie:...........................................................58
Evaluatiedoelen............................................................................................. 58
Samenvatting van H5....................................................................................... 60
H6: Traditionele trainingmethodes.......................................................................62
overzicht........................................................................................................... 62
lectures en demonstraties................................................................................62
, Straight lecture.............................................................................................. 62
Lecture/discussion methode..........................................................................64
Demonstrations............................................................................................. 64
Sterktes en zwaktes van Lectures en Demonstrations..................................64
karakteristieken van de trainee group...........................................................65
Games en simulations...................................................................................... 66
Equipment simulators.................................................................................... 66
Business games............................................................................................. 66
In-Basket technique (postvakoefening).........................................................66
Case Studies.................................................................................................. 67
Rollenspel...................................................................................................... 67
Behavior Modeling......................................................................................... 68
Oefeningen en Activiteiten............................................................................69
SAMENGEVAT.................................................................................................... 71
Blended learning.................................................................................................. 71
On-the-job-training.............................................................................................. 72
Leren gebeurt dan meestal via JIT (Job Instruction Techniques):.......................72
OJT via “apprenticeship training”......................................................................73
Coaching........................................................................................................... 73
Mentoring......................................................................................................... 74
Matching methods with outcome.........................................................................76
Informal learning.................................................................................................. 76
Audiovisuele versterking van training..................................................................77
statische media................................................................................................ 77
dynamische media = audio en video................................................................77
H7 – Elektronische trainingsmethoden................................................................80
Het Learning Technology Ecosystem.................................................................80
Delivery Channel Options................................................................................. 81
Webinars én online instructeur-geleide cursussen.........................................81
Online communities....................................................................................... 81
Remote mentoring......................................................................................... 81
E-learning...................................................................................................... 81
Online games en online simulations..............................................................81
Virtual labs.................................................................................................... 81
Artificial intelligence...................................................................................... 82
Toegankelijkheidsoverwegingen....................................................................82
LMS: Learning Management Systems...............................................................82
, E-training delivery systems..............................................................................82
Technologie-ondersteunde training...................................................................83
Afstemmen van leveringsmethode op het trainingsdoel...............................84
Sterktes en beperkingen van e-training............................................................84
Learning Objectives (KSA’s)...........................................................................85
H8 - Development, implementation and transfer of training...............................86
Doelen van H8.................................................................................................. 86
Ontwikkeling van training.................................................................................87
keuze instructiemethode............................................................................... 87
Instructiestrategie (= trainingsplan).................................................................87
Leerdoelen georganiseerd in Trainingmodules met Leerpunten....................87
De Trainer......................................................................................................... 91
Trainercapaciteiten........................................................................................ 91
Ervaring en geloofwaardigheid van de trainer...............................................91
OJT-trainers.................................................................................................... 92
Gebruik van externe middelen voor training.................................................92
Implementatiefase: input – process – output.......................................................93
Implementatie-ideeën voor trainingsstructuur.................................................94
Implementatie ideeën voor trainers.................................................................95
Dry Run............................................................................................................. 96
Pilootprogramma.............................................................................................. 96
Transfer van de training.................................................................................... 96
H9 – Evaluatie van trainingen.............................................................................. 97
Doelen van H9.................................................................................................. 97
9.1 Weerstand tegen evalueren… de 3 hoofdexcuses:.....................................98
9.2 Voordelen van evalueren............................................................................ 98
9.3 Soorten verzamelde evaluatiedata.............................................................98
9.3.1 Procesevaluatie.................................................................................... 98
9.3.2 Outcome evalutie............................................................................... 101
9.3.3: Kosten/batenanalyse.........................................................................105
9.3.4 Wanneer en welk type evaluatie gebruiken?......................................106
Focus op kleine bedrijven...............................................................................106
Samengevat................................................................................................... 106
