KUBY IMMUNOLOGY EXAM
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
Immunity - Correct Answers -a state of protection from infectious disease
Variolation - Correct Answers -dried crusts derived from smallpox pustules were either
inhaled or inserted into small cuts in the skin
Edward Jenner - Correct Answers -made smallpox vaccine from cowpox
Louis Pasteur - Correct Answers -grew bacterium that caused fowl cholera
Herd Immunity - Correct Answers -the decrease in likelihood that a person will become
infected with a pathogen if the majority of the population is vaccinated and immune
Phagocytes - Correct Answers -certain white bloods cells that ingest microorganisms
and other foreign material
Cell Mediated Immunity - Correct Answers -When Metchinikoff noticed that these cells
were more active in animals that were immunized, therefore thought cells rather than
serum were major effectors of immunity
Antibodies - Correct Answers -the soluble active molecules in the immunoglobulin
fraction of serum
Humoral Immunity - Correct Answers -the immunologic events that the antibodies
(produced by B cells) participated in
Antiserum - Correct Answers -the antibody-containing serum fraction from a pathogen-
exposed individual
Passive Immunity - Correct Answers -the transferring of immunoglobulins to treat a
disease that the individual did not make on his or her own. short lived and limited.
Active Immunity - Correct Answers -the administration of a vaccine to induce one's own
immunity.
long lived protection comes from memory cells that provides protection for years.
,Lymphocyte - Correct Answers -a type of white blood cell that is responsible for both
cellular and humoral immunity.
Antigen - Correct Answers -any substance that elicits a specific response by B or T
lymphocytes.
Clonal Selection Theory - Correct Answers -an individual B or T lymphocyte expresses
many copies of membrane receptor that is specific for a single, distinct antigen.
Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes - Correct Answers -detect changes that occur within the host
cell by binding to the viral proteins present in the cytosol and initiate an early warning
system to alert the cell about the invader.
T Helper Cells - Correct Answers -Guide the behavior of other immune cells and are
pivotal for selecting the pathway taken by the immune response
Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) - Correct Answers -Common foreign
structures that characterize whole groups of pathogens and what the immune system
frequently recognizes first.
Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs) - Correct Answers -Proteins encoded in the
genomic DNA and are always expressed by many different immune cells. First line of
defense for the quick detection of many of the typical chemical identifiers carried by the
most common invaders and bind to PAMPs.
Generation of Diversity - Correct Answers -To favor randomness in the design of some
recognition molecules.
B-Cell Receptors - Correct Answers -Recognition molecules that are in B cells and are
antibodies in their secreted form.
T-Cell Receptors - Correct Answers -Recognition molecules that are in T cells and have
no soluble form.
Tolerance - Correct Answers -Immune system's diversity strategy to avoid accidentally
recognizing and destroying host tissue that relies on self/non-self discrimination.
Danger Model - Correct Answers -Theory by Polly Matzinger that states the immune
system constantly evaluates each new encounter more for its potential to be dangerous
versus safe to the host than for whether it is self versus non-self.
Alarmins - Correct Answers -Engage specific host recognition molecules that deliver a
signal to immune cells to get involved during these unnatural causes of cellular death
Innate Immunity - Correct Answers -Rapid but less pathogen-specific, using inherited
recognition molecules and phagocytic cells
, Complement - Correct Answers -Pre-existing serum proteins that bind common
pathogen-associated structures and initiate a cascade of labeling and destruction
events in the innate immunity.
Adaptive Immunity - Correct Answers -Slow but highly specialized to the pathogen, and
rely on randomly generated recognition receptors made by B and T cells.
Cytokines - Correct Answers -Messenger proteins that bind to receptors on responding
cells, inducing intracellular signaling cascades that can result in activation, proliferation,
and differentiation of target cells.
Immunologic Memory - Correct Answers -Ability of the immune system to respond much
more swiftly and with greater efficiency during a second exposure to the same
pathogen.
Primary Response - Correct Answers -Key lymphocytes that will be used to eradicate
the pathogen are clonally selected, honed, and enlisted to resolve the infection and
create memory cells.
Secondary Response - Correct Answers -Subsequent encounters with the same
antigen or pathogen.
Pathological Inflammation - Correct Answers -An influx of immune cells and molecules
that results in detrimental symptoms, including chronic inflammation and rampant tissue
destruction.
Immune Deficiency - Correct Answers -Caused by a failure to properly deploy the
immune response, usually result in weakened or dysregulated immune responses that
can allow pathogens to get the upper hand.
Immune Imbalance - Correct Answers -Result from changes in the environment that
disrupt immune homeostasis, typically present as either allergic or autoimmune
conditions.
Hypersensitivity Reactions - Correct Answers -Overly zealous attacks on common
benign but foreign antigens.
Anaphylaxis - Correct Answers -An extreme, rapid, and often lethal overreaction of the
immune response to something it has encountered before.
Immunoglobulin E (IgE) - Correct Answers -An antibody that binds to its specific antigen
induces the release of substances that causes irritation and inflammation, or the
accumulation of cells and fluid at the site.
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
Immunity - Correct Answers -a state of protection from infectious disease
Variolation - Correct Answers -dried crusts derived from smallpox pustules were either
inhaled or inserted into small cuts in the skin
Edward Jenner - Correct Answers -made smallpox vaccine from cowpox
Louis Pasteur - Correct Answers -grew bacterium that caused fowl cholera
Herd Immunity - Correct Answers -the decrease in likelihood that a person will become
infected with a pathogen if the majority of the population is vaccinated and immune
Phagocytes - Correct Answers -certain white bloods cells that ingest microorganisms
and other foreign material
Cell Mediated Immunity - Correct Answers -When Metchinikoff noticed that these cells
were more active in animals that were immunized, therefore thought cells rather than
serum were major effectors of immunity
Antibodies - Correct Answers -the soluble active molecules in the immunoglobulin
fraction of serum
Humoral Immunity - Correct Answers -the immunologic events that the antibodies
(produced by B cells) participated in
Antiserum - Correct Answers -the antibody-containing serum fraction from a pathogen-
exposed individual
Passive Immunity - Correct Answers -the transferring of immunoglobulins to treat a
disease that the individual did not make on his or her own. short lived and limited.
Active Immunity - Correct Answers -the administration of a vaccine to induce one's own
immunity.
long lived protection comes from memory cells that provides protection for years.
,Lymphocyte - Correct Answers -a type of white blood cell that is responsible for both
cellular and humoral immunity.
Antigen - Correct Answers -any substance that elicits a specific response by B or T
lymphocytes.
Clonal Selection Theory - Correct Answers -an individual B or T lymphocyte expresses
many copies of membrane receptor that is specific for a single, distinct antigen.
Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes - Correct Answers -detect changes that occur within the host
cell by binding to the viral proteins present in the cytosol and initiate an early warning
system to alert the cell about the invader.
T Helper Cells - Correct Answers -Guide the behavior of other immune cells and are
pivotal for selecting the pathway taken by the immune response
Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) - Correct Answers -Common foreign
structures that characterize whole groups of pathogens and what the immune system
frequently recognizes first.
Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs) - Correct Answers -Proteins encoded in the
genomic DNA and are always expressed by many different immune cells. First line of
defense for the quick detection of many of the typical chemical identifiers carried by the
most common invaders and bind to PAMPs.
Generation of Diversity - Correct Answers -To favor randomness in the design of some
recognition molecules.
B-Cell Receptors - Correct Answers -Recognition molecules that are in B cells and are
antibodies in their secreted form.
T-Cell Receptors - Correct Answers -Recognition molecules that are in T cells and have
no soluble form.
Tolerance - Correct Answers -Immune system's diversity strategy to avoid accidentally
recognizing and destroying host tissue that relies on self/non-self discrimination.
Danger Model - Correct Answers -Theory by Polly Matzinger that states the immune
system constantly evaluates each new encounter more for its potential to be dangerous
versus safe to the host than for whether it is self versus non-self.
Alarmins - Correct Answers -Engage specific host recognition molecules that deliver a
signal to immune cells to get involved during these unnatural causes of cellular death
Innate Immunity - Correct Answers -Rapid but less pathogen-specific, using inherited
recognition molecules and phagocytic cells
, Complement - Correct Answers -Pre-existing serum proteins that bind common
pathogen-associated structures and initiate a cascade of labeling and destruction
events in the innate immunity.
Adaptive Immunity - Correct Answers -Slow but highly specialized to the pathogen, and
rely on randomly generated recognition receptors made by B and T cells.
Cytokines - Correct Answers -Messenger proteins that bind to receptors on responding
cells, inducing intracellular signaling cascades that can result in activation, proliferation,
and differentiation of target cells.
Immunologic Memory - Correct Answers -Ability of the immune system to respond much
more swiftly and with greater efficiency during a second exposure to the same
pathogen.
Primary Response - Correct Answers -Key lymphocytes that will be used to eradicate
the pathogen are clonally selected, honed, and enlisted to resolve the infection and
create memory cells.
Secondary Response - Correct Answers -Subsequent encounters with the same
antigen or pathogen.
Pathological Inflammation - Correct Answers -An influx of immune cells and molecules
that results in detrimental symptoms, including chronic inflammation and rampant tissue
destruction.
Immune Deficiency - Correct Answers -Caused by a failure to properly deploy the
immune response, usually result in weakened or dysregulated immune responses that
can allow pathogens to get the upper hand.
Immune Imbalance - Correct Answers -Result from changes in the environment that
disrupt immune homeostasis, typically present as either allergic or autoimmune
conditions.
Hypersensitivity Reactions - Correct Answers -Overly zealous attacks on common
benign but foreign antigens.
Anaphylaxis - Correct Answers -An extreme, rapid, and often lethal overreaction of the
immune response to something it has encountered before.
Immunoglobulin E (IgE) - Correct Answers -An antibody that binds to its specific antigen
induces the release of substances that causes irritation and inflammation, or the
accumulation of cells and fluid at the site.
