AHEAD EXAM 2026 100% CORRECT.
◍ What is a model (M1L3)? Answer: High-level representations of
the operation of a real-word process or system.
◍ Is the following a discrete or continuous model:
1 customer shows up and waits in line, and then another, and so on
(M1L3). Answer: Discrete model
◍ Is the following a discrete or continuous model:
An hourly weather prediction for precipitation over time (M1L3).
Answer: Continuous model
◍ Is the following a stochastic or deterministic model:
Calls that randomly arrive at a call center (M1L3). Answer: Stochastic
model
◍ Is the following a stochastic or deterministic model:
Predicting the voltage if we know the current and resistance in a
circuit (M1L3). Answer: Deterministic model
◍ What does it mean for a model to be dynamic vs. static (M1L3)?
Answer: Dynamic models have changing relationships between
, variables over time. In static models, the relationships between
variables are fixed (e.g., V = IR).
◍ What are the three methods to "solve" a model: from easiest to
hardest (M1L3)? Answer: 1. Analytical (exact)
2. Numerical methods (approximate)
3. Simulation methods (approx. with randomness)
◍ In the 1940s, who used early computers to simulate thermonuclear
chain reactions as part of the Manhattan project (also had a role in the
foundations of Monte Carlo methods)(M1L4).
a) William Gossett, aka - "Student"
b) Harry Markowitz
c) Comte de Buffon
d) Ulam, Metropolis, and von Neumann
e) Justin Bieber Answer: ---d) correct answer---
a) Student's t-test, analytical techniques for Guinness Beer.
b) Nobel in Econ for optimiz. of financial portfolios, invented Sim
Script language.
c) Dropping needles between parallel lines and estimating pi
e) shouldn't be on this list :)
◍ Surveillance applications of simulation (such as - "is a disease
spreading?") rely on sequential hypothesis tests over time. Describe
how sequential hypothesis tests are used with simulation (M1L5)?