NGR 5149 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY Focus on-
Neuro, Respiratory, Hematologic &Cardiac Final Exam
GRADED A+ 2025-2026
Which of the following would be a sign of right-sided Heart Failure?
- Increased Urination
- Peripheral Edema
- Pulmonary Edema
- Immunosuppression
Peripheral Edema
Which of the following are clinical manifestations of left-sided heart failure?
(Select all that apply)
- Jugular Vein Distention
- Cough with Frothy Sputum
- Crackles Auscultated in Lungs
- Dyspnea
- Cough with Frothy Sputum
- Crackles auscultated in lungs
- Dyspnea
Which medications would be used to treat a patient with heart failure?
- Antibiotics and Steroids
- Vitamin D and Calcium
- Calcium Channel Blockers and Zafron
- ACE Inhibitors and Beta-Blockers
ACE inhibitors and Beta-Blockers
Which of the following is often the cause of pulmonary embolism?
- An autoimmune disorder
- A venous blood clot from lower extremity
- An increase in intracranial pressure
- Hypotension
- A venous blood clot from lower extremity
,Virchow's Triad contributes to pulmonary embolism formation. Virchow's Triad
factors include all of the following except:
- Venous Blood Stasis
- Damage to the venous wall
- Venous blood hypermobility
- Increased blood coagulability
Venous blood hypermobility
How does unstable angina pectoris differ from stable angina pectoris?
- Can only be diagnosed by changes in cardiac biomarkers
- manifests in ECG changes only
- Is not relieved by periods of rest
- Not as serious as stable angina
Not relieved by periods of rest
Which of the following organs are primarily affected by poorly managed
hypertension?
- Bladder and Urethra
- Brain and Skin
- Heart and Kidneys
- Stomach and Intestines
Heart and Kidneys
Management of hypertension involves multiple approaches including which of
the following?
- Dietary Modifications
- Engaging in regular exercise routines
- Prescribing diuretics and/or anti-hypertensives
- All of the above
All of the above
When arterial blood pressure declines, the cells of the kidneys secrete a
hormone called ___ to increase blood pressure and peripheral resistance.
- Renin
- Antidiuretic Hormone
,- Atrial Natriuretic
- Erythropoietin
Renin
Which of the following are examples of complications of shock? (Select all that
apply)
- Multiple Organ Dysfunction
- Acute Renal Failure
- Clotting and Bleeding Disorders
- Increased Cardiac Output
- Multiple Organ Dysfunction
- Acute renal failure
- Clotting and Bleeding disorders
What pathophysiological responses would you expect to find in a client who has
anaphylactic shock?
- Bronchodilation, Peripheral constriction, Decreased capillary permeability
- Asthma, Deep vein thrombosis, hepatic encephalopathy
- Bronchoconstriction, peripheral dilation, increased capillary permeability
- Left-sided heart failure, pulmonary embolism, UTI
Bronchoconstriction, Peripheral Dilation, Increased Capillary Permeability
What is the cause of Cardiogenic Shock?
- Severe Ventricular Dysfunction
- Acute Blood Loss
- Severe Atrial Dysfunction
- Suppression of the Sympathetic Nervous System
Severe ventricular dysfunction
What is occurring in the body of clients with hypovolemic shock?
- Inadequate stomach acid
- Insufficient circulating blood volume
- Insect bite or snake bites
- Not taking enough diuretics
Insufficient circulating blood volume
, Obstructive shock is due to a mechanical obstruction impeding blood flow.
Cause of obstructive shock include all of the following except?
- Spinal Cord Injury
- Pulmonary Embolism
- Cardiac Tamponade
- Tension Pneumothorax
Spinal Cord Injury
Presentation of shock includes all of the following clinical findings except:
- Altered level of consciousness
- Hypotension
- Mental Clarity
- Tachycardia
Mental Clarity
Septic shock is a common cause of death in the ICU. What causes sepsis?
- An overwhelming allergic reaction
- Severe inflammatory response to pathogens
- Unknown causes resulting in Hypertension
- Poor nursing and health care provider interventions
Severe inflammatory response to a pathogen
Which of the following is a type of septic shock?
- Cardiogenic Shock
- Distributive Shock
- Obstructive Shock
- Hypovolemic Shock
Distributive Shock
A disease where the client often has shortened (genetic mutation) dystrophin
strand resulting in small tears in the muscles as they are used resulted in muscle
degeneration is called what?
- Gower's Disease
- Duchenne's Muscular Dystrophy
Neuro, Respiratory, Hematologic &Cardiac Final Exam
GRADED A+ 2025-2026
Which of the following would be a sign of right-sided Heart Failure?
- Increased Urination
- Peripheral Edema
- Pulmonary Edema
- Immunosuppression
Peripheral Edema
Which of the following are clinical manifestations of left-sided heart failure?
(Select all that apply)
- Jugular Vein Distention
- Cough with Frothy Sputum
- Crackles Auscultated in Lungs
- Dyspnea
- Cough with Frothy Sputum
- Crackles auscultated in lungs
- Dyspnea
Which medications would be used to treat a patient with heart failure?
- Antibiotics and Steroids
- Vitamin D and Calcium
- Calcium Channel Blockers and Zafron
- ACE Inhibitors and Beta-Blockers
ACE inhibitors and Beta-Blockers
Which of the following is often the cause of pulmonary embolism?
- An autoimmune disorder
- A venous blood clot from lower extremity
- An increase in intracranial pressure
- Hypotension
- A venous blood clot from lower extremity
,Virchow's Triad contributes to pulmonary embolism formation. Virchow's Triad
factors include all of the following except:
- Venous Blood Stasis
- Damage to the venous wall
- Venous blood hypermobility
- Increased blood coagulability
Venous blood hypermobility
How does unstable angina pectoris differ from stable angina pectoris?
- Can only be diagnosed by changes in cardiac biomarkers
- manifests in ECG changes only
- Is not relieved by periods of rest
- Not as serious as stable angina
Not relieved by periods of rest
Which of the following organs are primarily affected by poorly managed
hypertension?
- Bladder and Urethra
- Brain and Skin
- Heart and Kidneys
- Stomach and Intestines
Heart and Kidneys
Management of hypertension involves multiple approaches including which of
the following?
- Dietary Modifications
- Engaging in regular exercise routines
- Prescribing diuretics and/or anti-hypertensives
- All of the above
All of the above
When arterial blood pressure declines, the cells of the kidneys secrete a
hormone called ___ to increase blood pressure and peripheral resistance.
- Renin
- Antidiuretic Hormone
,- Atrial Natriuretic
- Erythropoietin
Renin
Which of the following are examples of complications of shock? (Select all that
apply)
- Multiple Organ Dysfunction
- Acute Renal Failure
- Clotting and Bleeding Disorders
- Increased Cardiac Output
- Multiple Organ Dysfunction
- Acute renal failure
- Clotting and Bleeding disorders
What pathophysiological responses would you expect to find in a client who has
anaphylactic shock?
- Bronchodilation, Peripheral constriction, Decreased capillary permeability
- Asthma, Deep vein thrombosis, hepatic encephalopathy
- Bronchoconstriction, peripheral dilation, increased capillary permeability
- Left-sided heart failure, pulmonary embolism, UTI
Bronchoconstriction, Peripheral Dilation, Increased Capillary Permeability
What is the cause of Cardiogenic Shock?
- Severe Ventricular Dysfunction
- Acute Blood Loss
- Severe Atrial Dysfunction
- Suppression of the Sympathetic Nervous System
Severe ventricular dysfunction
What is occurring in the body of clients with hypovolemic shock?
- Inadequate stomach acid
- Insufficient circulating blood volume
- Insect bite or snake bites
- Not taking enough diuretics
Insufficient circulating blood volume
, Obstructive shock is due to a mechanical obstruction impeding blood flow.
Cause of obstructive shock include all of the following except?
- Spinal Cord Injury
- Pulmonary Embolism
- Cardiac Tamponade
- Tension Pneumothorax
Spinal Cord Injury
Presentation of shock includes all of the following clinical findings except:
- Altered level of consciousness
- Hypotension
- Mental Clarity
- Tachycardia
Mental Clarity
Septic shock is a common cause of death in the ICU. What causes sepsis?
- An overwhelming allergic reaction
- Severe inflammatory response to pathogens
- Unknown causes resulting in Hypertension
- Poor nursing and health care provider interventions
Severe inflammatory response to a pathogen
Which of the following is a type of septic shock?
- Cardiogenic Shock
- Distributive Shock
- Obstructive Shock
- Hypovolemic Shock
Distributive Shock
A disease where the client often has shortened (genetic mutation) dystrophin
strand resulting in small tears in the muscles as they are used resulted in muscle
degeneration is called what?
- Gower's Disease
- Duchenne's Muscular Dystrophy
