BIO 255 Exam 3 — Complete Review
Packet | Key Topics, Summaries &
Exam-Focused Notes
WEEK1: Cardiovascular System (The Blood) - ANSW✔️_________________________
Blood Functions - ANSW✔️> transportation (oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, hormones, heat, and
waste)
> regulation (homeostasis of bodily fluids, pH, blood temp, and water content)
> protection (clotting and fighting infections)
Blood Properties - ANSW✔️> mean fraction of body weight = 8%
> volume = 4-6L (based on body size/composition)
> viscosity = thicker, higher BP
> pH = 7.35-7.45 (below - acidosis)
> mean salinity = 0.9% (isotonic, same, to blood)
Blood Composition - ANSW✔️> whole blood = what you naturally draw out
,> plasma = semi-fluid matrix acting as transport for molecules and cells
> RBC = carries oxygen throughout body for respiration towards energy
> platelets = proteins responsible for blood clotting during injuries
> WBC = immune cell that helps fight infection
Centrifuged Blood Composition - ANSW✔️> Plasma = 55% (water, dissolved gasses, nutrients, waste
products, proteins)
> Buffy Coat = less than 1% (WBCs and Platelets)
> Hematocrit (Erythrocyte) = 45% (RBC - blood covering layer/viscosity/amount)
Major Proteins of Blood Plasma - ANSW✔️> albumin = responsible for colloid osmotic pressure from
influencing viscosity while transporting lipids, hormones, and calcium + buffers blood pH
> globulins = transport and defense functions
> fibrinogen = becomes fibrin when in contact with thrombin as the major component of blood clots
Blood Formed Elements - ANSW✔️"cells"; RBCs (Erythrocytes), WBCs (Leukocytes), Platelets
Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells) - ANSW✔️> lack a nucleus (cannot perform mitosis), biconcave disc
shape, bags of hemoglobin, carry oxygen and some carbon dioxide
> Formed in the red bone marrow from the hematopoietic stem cell, myeloid stem cell, erythroblast,
reticulocyte, mature RBC
, Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells): Composition - ANSW✔️> hemoglobin = protein that carries four oxygen
to cells and some carbon dioxide (potentially hydrogen) to lungs
> erythropoietin = hormone responsible for RCB production by ejecting the nucleus from
proerythroblasts released by the kidneys
Erythropoiesis (Red Blood Cell Production) - ANSW✔️require: reticulocytes, EPO, iron, protein, vitamin
B12
> red blood cell death and phagocytosis for macrophage to react in spleen, liver, or red bone marrow
> hemoglobin = globin - breaks down into protein monomer (amino acids) and reused for protein
synthesis, heme - releases heavy metal iron through transferrin movement and producing bilirubin
> liver = iron stored form (ferritin) and bilirubin resides in liver
> bone marrow = chemical messenger is sent towards bone marrow with iron, global, vitamin B12, and
erythropoietin to produce a mature RCB from a reticulocyte
> circulation occurs for ~120 days before cycle is repeated
Red Blood Cell Disorders - ANSW✔️> Polycythemia = a blood disorder occurring when there are too
many red blood cells, causing the blood to increase in volume and thicken
> Anemia = a condition that develops when your blood produces a lower-than-normal amount of
healthy red blood cells
> Sickle-cell Disease = a group of inherited red blood cell disorders causing issues with blood circulation
Leukocytes - ANSW✔️least abundant of the formed elements, but most important for immunity
purposes
> granulocytes = contain granules that stain blue or violet originating from bone marrow
> agranulocytes = clear looking cytoplasm originating from lymphoid
Packet | Key Topics, Summaries &
Exam-Focused Notes
WEEK1: Cardiovascular System (The Blood) - ANSW✔️_________________________
Blood Functions - ANSW✔️> transportation (oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, hormones, heat, and
waste)
> regulation (homeostasis of bodily fluids, pH, blood temp, and water content)
> protection (clotting and fighting infections)
Blood Properties - ANSW✔️> mean fraction of body weight = 8%
> volume = 4-6L (based on body size/composition)
> viscosity = thicker, higher BP
> pH = 7.35-7.45 (below - acidosis)
> mean salinity = 0.9% (isotonic, same, to blood)
Blood Composition - ANSW✔️> whole blood = what you naturally draw out
,> plasma = semi-fluid matrix acting as transport for molecules and cells
> RBC = carries oxygen throughout body for respiration towards energy
> platelets = proteins responsible for blood clotting during injuries
> WBC = immune cell that helps fight infection
Centrifuged Blood Composition - ANSW✔️> Plasma = 55% (water, dissolved gasses, nutrients, waste
products, proteins)
> Buffy Coat = less than 1% (WBCs and Platelets)
> Hematocrit (Erythrocyte) = 45% (RBC - blood covering layer/viscosity/amount)
Major Proteins of Blood Plasma - ANSW✔️> albumin = responsible for colloid osmotic pressure from
influencing viscosity while transporting lipids, hormones, and calcium + buffers blood pH
> globulins = transport and defense functions
> fibrinogen = becomes fibrin when in contact with thrombin as the major component of blood clots
Blood Formed Elements - ANSW✔️"cells"; RBCs (Erythrocytes), WBCs (Leukocytes), Platelets
Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells) - ANSW✔️> lack a nucleus (cannot perform mitosis), biconcave disc
shape, bags of hemoglobin, carry oxygen and some carbon dioxide
> Formed in the red bone marrow from the hematopoietic stem cell, myeloid stem cell, erythroblast,
reticulocyte, mature RBC
, Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells): Composition - ANSW✔️> hemoglobin = protein that carries four oxygen
to cells and some carbon dioxide (potentially hydrogen) to lungs
> erythropoietin = hormone responsible for RCB production by ejecting the nucleus from
proerythroblasts released by the kidneys
Erythropoiesis (Red Blood Cell Production) - ANSW✔️require: reticulocytes, EPO, iron, protein, vitamin
B12
> red blood cell death and phagocytosis for macrophage to react in spleen, liver, or red bone marrow
> hemoglobin = globin - breaks down into protein monomer (amino acids) and reused for protein
synthesis, heme - releases heavy metal iron through transferrin movement and producing bilirubin
> liver = iron stored form (ferritin) and bilirubin resides in liver
> bone marrow = chemical messenger is sent towards bone marrow with iron, global, vitamin B12, and
erythropoietin to produce a mature RCB from a reticulocyte
> circulation occurs for ~120 days before cycle is repeated
Red Blood Cell Disorders - ANSW✔️> Polycythemia = a blood disorder occurring when there are too
many red blood cells, causing the blood to increase in volume and thicken
> Anemia = a condition that develops when your blood produces a lower-than-normal amount of
healthy red blood cells
> Sickle-cell Disease = a group of inherited red blood cell disorders causing issues with blood circulation
Leukocytes - ANSW✔️least abundant of the formed elements, but most important for immunity
purposes
> granulocytes = contain granules that stain blue or violet originating from bone marrow
> agranulocytes = clear looking cytoplasm originating from lymphoid
