NP Advanced Pathophysiology Test Bank – 150
Latest Questions + Accurate Answers
(2025/2026)
1. Which type of cell injury is characterized by reversible swelling of
cells due to hypoxia?
Hydropic change
Rationale: Hydropic change occurs when ATP depletion leads to
dysfunction of Na+/K+ pumps, causing water accumulation in
cells.
2. A patient presents with chronic hypertension. Which type of
hypertrophy is most likely occurring in the left ventricle?
Concentric hypertrophy
Rationale: Concentric hypertrophy occurs when the heart muscle
thickens in response to pressure overload, such as chronic
hypertension.
3. Which mechanism is primarily responsible for ischemic cell death?
ATP depletion
Rationale: Ischemia reduces oxygen delivery, impairing oxidative
phosphorylation and depleting ATP, leading to cell death.
4. Which cytokine is a key mediator in the acute phase response of
inflammation?
Interleukin-6 (IL-6)
Rationale: IL-6 stimulates hepatocytes to produce acute-phase
proteins, such as C-reactive protein.
5. A patient has chronic alcohol use leading to liver injury. Which
type of cell death is most likely observed?
Necrosis
, Rationale: Alcohol causes hepatocyte injury and necrosis due to
oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation.
6. What type of necrosis is typically seen in myocardial infarction?
Coagulative necrosis
Rationale: Coagulative necrosis preserves tissue architecture and
is characteristic of ischemic injury in solid organs, including the
heart.
7. A patient develops cerebral infarction after an ischemic stroke.
What type of necrosis is observed in the brain?
Liquefactive necrosis
Rationale: Brain tissue undergoes liquefactive necrosis due to
enzymatic digestion of necrotic tissue by lysosomal enzymes.
8. Which immune response is mediated primarily by T lymphocytes?
Cell-mediated immunity
Rationale: T lymphocytes, including CD8+ cytotoxic T cells,
mediate cell-mediated immunity against infected or malignant
cells.
9. A patient develops systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Which
type of hypersensitivity reaction is involved?
Type III (immune complex-mediated)
Rationale: SLE is characterized by deposition of immune
complexes in tissues, triggering complement activation and
inflammation.
10. Which enzyme deficiency is associated with the
accumulation of uric acid leading to gout?
Xanthine oxidase
Rationale: Xanthine oxidase catalyzes the conversion of
, hypoxanthine to xanthine and xanthine to uric acid; overactivity
leads to urate crystal deposition.
11. A patient presents with severe allergic reactions. Which
hypersensitivity type is implicated?
Type I (IgE-mediated)
Rationale: Type I hypersensitivity involves IgE antibodies binding
to allergens and causing mast cell degranulation.
12. Chronic inflammation often leads to tissue repair with which
cellular response?
Fibrosis
Rationale: Chronic inflammation stimulates fibroblasts to
deposit collagen, leading to fibrosis and tissue remodeling.
13. Which form of cell adaptation is characterized by an
increase in the number of cells?
Hyperplasia
Rationale: Hyperplasia involves proliferation of cells in response
to increased functional demand or hormonal stimulation.
14. A patient with chronic gastroesophageal reflux develops
esophageal squamous cells transforming into columnar
epithelium. This is an example of:
Metaplasia
Rationale: Metaplasia is the reversible replacement of one
differentiated cell type by another, often in response to chronic
irritation.
15. Which genetic disorder is caused by mutation in the CFTR
gene leading to defective chloride transport?
Cystic fibrosis
Latest Questions + Accurate Answers
(2025/2026)
1. Which type of cell injury is characterized by reversible swelling of
cells due to hypoxia?
Hydropic change
Rationale: Hydropic change occurs when ATP depletion leads to
dysfunction of Na+/K+ pumps, causing water accumulation in
cells.
2. A patient presents with chronic hypertension. Which type of
hypertrophy is most likely occurring in the left ventricle?
Concentric hypertrophy
Rationale: Concentric hypertrophy occurs when the heart muscle
thickens in response to pressure overload, such as chronic
hypertension.
3. Which mechanism is primarily responsible for ischemic cell death?
ATP depletion
Rationale: Ischemia reduces oxygen delivery, impairing oxidative
phosphorylation and depleting ATP, leading to cell death.
4. Which cytokine is a key mediator in the acute phase response of
inflammation?
Interleukin-6 (IL-6)
Rationale: IL-6 stimulates hepatocytes to produce acute-phase
proteins, such as C-reactive protein.
5. A patient has chronic alcohol use leading to liver injury. Which
type of cell death is most likely observed?
Necrosis
, Rationale: Alcohol causes hepatocyte injury and necrosis due to
oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation.
6. What type of necrosis is typically seen in myocardial infarction?
Coagulative necrosis
Rationale: Coagulative necrosis preserves tissue architecture and
is characteristic of ischemic injury in solid organs, including the
heart.
7. A patient develops cerebral infarction after an ischemic stroke.
What type of necrosis is observed in the brain?
Liquefactive necrosis
Rationale: Brain tissue undergoes liquefactive necrosis due to
enzymatic digestion of necrotic tissue by lysosomal enzymes.
8. Which immune response is mediated primarily by T lymphocytes?
Cell-mediated immunity
Rationale: T lymphocytes, including CD8+ cytotoxic T cells,
mediate cell-mediated immunity against infected or malignant
cells.
9. A patient develops systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Which
type of hypersensitivity reaction is involved?
Type III (immune complex-mediated)
Rationale: SLE is characterized by deposition of immune
complexes in tissues, triggering complement activation and
inflammation.
10. Which enzyme deficiency is associated with the
accumulation of uric acid leading to gout?
Xanthine oxidase
Rationale: Xanthine oxidase catalyzes the conversion of
, hypoxanthine to xanthine and xanthine to uric acid; overactivity
leads to urate crystal deposition.
11. A patient presents with severe allergic reactions. Which
hypersensitivity type is implicated?
Type I (IgE-mediated)
Rationale: Type I hypersensitivity involves IgE antibodies binding
to allergens and causing mast cell degranulation.
12. Chronic inflammation often leads to tissue repair with which
cellular response?
Fibrosis
Rationale: Chronic inflammation stimulates fibroblasts to
deposit collagen, leading to fibrosis and tissue remodeling.
13. Which form of cell adaptation is characterized by an
increase in the number of cells?
Hyperplasia
Rationale: Hyperplasia involves proliferation of cells in response
to increased functional demand or hormonal stimulation.
14. A patient with chronic gastroesophageal reflux develops
esophageal squamous cells transforming into columnar
epithelium. This is an example of:
Metaplasia
Rationale: Metaplasia is the reversible replacement of one
differentiated cell type by another, often in response to chronic
irritation.
15. Which genetic disorder is caused by mutation in the CFTR
gene leading to defective chloride transport?
Cystic fibrosis
