CHEM 219 PRINCIPLES OF ORGANIC
CHEMISTRY MODULE 7 AND 8 FINAL PAPER
EXAM 2026
◉ Functional groups. Answer: Deviations from simple collections of
C's and H's that define the properties of organic compounds.
◉ Heteroatom. Answer: Atoms in organic compounds that are not
carbon or hydrogen, such as oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and
phosphorus.
◉ Alcohol. Answer: A functional group characterized by the
presence of a hydroxyl (-OH) group.
◉ Ether. Answer: A functional group characterized by an oxygen
atom connected to two alkyl or aryl groups.
◉ Aldehyde. Answer: A functional group containing a carbonyl
group (C=O) with at least one hydrogen atom attached to the carbon.
◉ Ketone. Answer: A functional group containing a carbonyl group
(C=O) bonded to two carbon atoms.
,◉ Carboxylic acid. Answer: A functional group characterized by a
carboxyl (-COOH) group.
◉ Carboxylate ion. Answer: The deprotonated form of a carboxylic
acid, carrying a negative charge.
◉ Ester. Answer: A functional group formed from the reaction of an
alcohol and a carboxylic acid.
◉ Amine. Answer: A functional group derived from ammonia (NH3)
by replacing one or more hydrogen atoms with alkyl or aryl groups.
◉ Amide. Answer: A functional group containing a carbonyl group
(C=O) linked to a nitrogen atom.
◉ Sulfhydryl or Thiol. Answer: A functional group characterized by
the presence of a sulfur atom bonded to a hydrogen atom (-SH).
◉ Phosphate ester. Answer: A functional group formed from the
reaction of an alcohol with a phosphate group.
◉ Phosphoanhydride. Answer: A functional group formed from the
condensation of two phosphate groups.
, ◉ Polarity in organic compounds. Answer: The property of having
distinct electrical poles due to the presence of electronegative
heteroatoms.
◉ Dipole arrows. Answer: Arrows used to indicate the direction and
extent of polarity in a molecule, pointing towards the more
electronegative atom.
◉ Net dipole. Answer: The overall dipole moment of a molecule,
calculated by adding together all dipole arrows.
◉ Acid. Answer: A substance that donates protons (H+) when added
to water.
◉ Base. Answer: A substance that accepts protons (H+) when added
to water.
◉ Hydronium ion. Answer: The ion formed when a proton (H+) is
added to a water molecule, represented as H3O+.
◉ Dissociation. Answer: The process by which a compound
separates into its constituent ions in solution.
CHEMISTRY MODULE 7 AND 8 FINAL PAPER
EXAM 2026
◉ Functional groups. Answer: Deviations from simple collections of
C's and H's that define the properties of organic compounds.
◉ Heteroatom. Answer: Atoms in organic compounds that are not
carbon or hydrogen, such as oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and
phosphorus.
◉ Alcohol. Answer: A functional group characterized by the
presence of a hydroxyl (-OH) group.
◉ Ether. Answer: A functional group characterized by an oxygen
atom connected to two alkyl or aryl groups.
◉ Aldehyde. Answer: A functional group containing a carbonyl
group (C=O) with at least one hydrogen atom attached to the carbon.
◉ Ketone. Answer: A functional group containing a carbonyl group
(C=O) bonded to two carbon atoms.
,◉ Carboxylic acid. Answer: A functional group characterized by a
carboxyl (-COOH) group.
◉ Carboxylate ion. Answer: The deprotonated form of a carboxylic
acid, carrying a negative charge.
◉ Ester. Answer: A functional group formed from the reaction of an
alcohol and a carboxylic acid.
◉ Amine. Answer: A functional group derived from ammonia (NH3)
by replacing one or more hydrogen atoms with alkyl or aryl groups.
◉ Amide. Answer: A functional group containing a carbonyl group
(C=O) linked to a nitrogen atom.
◉ Sulfhydryl or Thiol. Answer: A functional group characterized by
the presence of a sulfur atom bonded to a hydrogen atom (-SH).
◉ Phosphate ester. Answer: A functional group formed from the
reaction of an alcohol with a phosphate group.
◉ Phosphoanhydride. Answer: A functional group formed from the
condensation of two phosphate groups.
, ◉ Polarity in organic compounds. Answer: The property of having
distinct electrical poles due to the presence of electronegative
heteroatoms.
◉ Dipole arrows. Answer: Arrows used to indicate the direction and
extent of polarity in a molecule, pointing towards the more
electronegative atom.
◉ Net dipole. Answer: The overall dipole moment of a molecule,
calculated by adding together all dipole arrows.
◉ Acid. Answer: A substance that donates protons (H+) when added
to water.
◉ Base. Answer: A substance that accepts protons (H+) when added
to water.
◉ Hydronium ion. Answer: The ion formed when a proton (H+) is
added to a water molecule, represented as H3O+.
◉ Dissociation. Answer: The process by which a compound
separates into its constituent ions in solution.
