ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS 2025/2026
primary intervention - ANSWERSremoves risk factors, so diseases do not occur
examples of primary interventions - ANSWERSimmunizations, seat belts, helmets
secondary interventions - ANSWERSdetecting disease when still curable
examples of secondary interventions - ANSWERSpap smears, routine blood screens,
chemotherapy
tertiary interventions - ANSWERSpreventing further deterioration or reducing
complications of disease
examples of tertiary interventions - ANSWERSbeta blockers following MI, chemo,
radiation
homeostasis - ANSWERSproperty of a system in which variables are regulated so that
internal conditions remain stable and relatively constant; examples include the stability
of the human body's environment in response to changes in external conditions
mitochondria - ANSWERScellular powerhouse; cellular respiration; convert ingested
substances to ATP (cellular metabolism)
endoplasmic reticulum - ANSWERSprotein synthesis and fat metabolism
ribosomes - ANSWERSsite of protein synthesis
golgi apparatus - ANSWERSpackages and modifies proteins from the ER for secretion;
produces lysosomes; predominant in secretory cells
Lysosomes and peroxisomes - ANSWERScellular digestion
cytoskeleton - ANSWERSfilaments and microtubules maintain cell shape; permit
movement
types of injurious stimuli (cellular) - ANSWERShypoxia, chemical/toxic agents, physical
agents, microorganisms and immunologic reactions, genetic defects, nutritional
imbalances
, how does hypoxia affect cells? - ANSWERScauses cellular swelling, local or
generalized release of lactic acid
how do chemical/toxic agents affect cells? - ANSWERSdamage cell membrane
types of adaptive immunity - ANSWERShumoral, cell-mediated
humoral immunity - ANSWERSutilizes circulating antibodies produced by B-
lymphocytes
primary response of humoral immunity - ANSWERS(1) antigen phagocytosed by
macrophage, (2) antigen presenting cells, (3) antigen delivered to B cells, (4) B cells
enlarge and differentiate into: antibody producing plasma cells, memory B cells
secondary response of humoral immunity - ANSWERSmemory B cells respond to
subsequent antigen exposure in a more rapid and powerful way
cell-mediated immunity - ANSWERSexposure to antigen presented by macrophages
cause antigen-specific T-cell differentiation and proliferation in the lymphoid tissue;
activated T-cells continually cycle from lymph to blood to lymph, able to directly respond
to an antigen and destroy the target cell
where do B lymphocytes mature? - ANSWERSbone marrow
where to T lymphocytes mature? - ANSWERSthymus
what are the major components of innate immunity? - ANSWERSepithelial barriers,
phagocytic cells (neutrophils, macrophages), NK cells, plasma proteins, inflammatory
response
natural killer (NK) cells - ANSWERST-cells; play role in both adaptive and innate
immunity; identify viruses, infections (non-self cells)
complement system - ANSWERSamplifies the antigen-antibody reaction; includes 9
interacting components (proteins); effects include: opsonization, agglutination,
neutralization, chemotaxis, mast cell and basophil activation, general inflammatory
effects
basophils - ANSWERSinnate immunity; release histamine
mast cells - ANSWERSsecrete histamine; prompted to degranulate during activation
macrophages - ANSWERS"pac man"; consume bacteria, cell debris/waste; serve as
APCs
FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS 2025/2026
primary intervention - ANSWERSremoves risk factors, so diseases do not occur
examples of primary interventions - ANSWERSimmunizations, seat belts, helmets
secondary interventions - ANSWERSdetecting disease when still curable
examples of secondary interventions - ANSWERSpap smears, routine blood screens,
chemotherapy
tertiary interventions - ANSWERSpreventing further deterioration or reducing
complications of disease
examples of tertiary interventions - ANSWERSbeta blockers following MI, chemo,
radiation
homeostasis - ANSWERSproperty of a system in which variables are regulated so that
internal conditions remain stable and relatively constant; examples include the stability
of the human body's environment in response to changes in external conditions
mitochondria - ANSWERScellular powerhouse; cellular respiration; convert ingested
substances to ATP (cellular metabolism)
endoplasmic reticulum - ANSWERSprotein synthesis and fat metabolism
ribosomes - ANSWERSsite of protein synthesis
golgi apparatus - ANSWERSpackages and modifies proteins from the ER for secretion;
produces lysosomes; predominant in secretory cells
Lysosomes and peroxisomes - ANSWERScellular digestion
cytoskeleton - ANSWERSfilaments and microtubules maintain cell shape; permit
movement
types of injurious stimuli (cellular) - ANSWERShypoxia, chemical/toxic agents, physical
agents, microorganisms and immunologic reactions, genetic defects, nutritional
imbalances
, how does hypoxia affect cells? - ANSWERScauses cellular swelling, local or
generalized release of lactic acid
how do chemical/toxic agents affect cells? - ANSWERSdamage cell membrane
types of adaptive immunity - ANSWERShumoral, cell-mediated
humoral immunity - ANSWERSutilizes circulating antibodies produced by B-
lymphocytes
primary response of humoral immunity - ANSWERS(1) antigen phagocytosed by
macrophage, (2) antigen presenting cells, (3) antigen delivered to B cells, (4) B cells
enlarge and differentiate into: antibody producing plasma cells, memory B cells
secondary response of humoral immunity - ANSWERSmemory B cells respond to
subsequent antigen exposure in a more rapid and powerful way
cell-mediated immunity - ANSWERSexposure to antigen presented by macrophages
cause antigen-specific T-cell differentiation and proliferation in the lymphoid tissue;
activated T-cells continually cycle from lymph to blood to lymph, able to directly respond
to an antigen and destroy the target cell
where do B lymphocytes mature? - ANSWERSbone marrow
where to T lymphocytes mature? - ANSWERSthymus
what are the major components of innate immunity? - ANSWERSepithelial barriers,
phagocytic cells (neutrophils, macrophages), NK cells, plasma proteins, inflammatory
response
natural killer (NK) cells - ANSWERST-cells; play role in both adaptive and innate
immunity; identify viruses, infections (non-self cells)
complement system - ANSWERSamplifies the antigen-antibody reaction; includes 9
interacting components (proteins); effects include: opsonization, agglutination,
neutralization, chemotaxis, mast cell and basophil activation, general inflammatory
effects
basophils - ANSWERSinnate immunity; release histamine
mast cells - ANSWERSsecrete histamine; prompted to degranulate during activation
macrophages - ANSWERS"pac man"; consume bacteria, cell debris/waste; serve as
APCs
