POB Shadwick exam 3 Questions and Answers
Phases of Mitosis - -Prophase (chromosomes condense and the muvlear envelope
dissolves), Prometaphase (chromosomes attach to spindle fibers), Metaphase
(chromosomes are aligned at metaphase plate), Anaphase (chromosomes separate, become
daughter chromosomes that move toward poles), Telophase (new nuclear envelopes form
around the daughter chromosomes and cytokinesis is well underway)
-Meiosis occurs in any life cycle that involves ________ reproduction - -Sexual
-The end result of meiosis is ______ - -daughter cells with the haploid number of
homologous chromosomes
-law of independent assortment - -1. pairs separate independently of each other
2. all possible combos of factors can occur in gametes
-Mitosis v Meiosis - -1) Mitosis forms two diploid cells with the same number of
chromosomes as the parent cells v. Meiosis forms four haploid cells with half the number of
chromosomes as the parent cell
2) Mitosis requires 1 nuclear division, Meiosis requires 2 nuclear divisions
3) Meiosis results in daughter cells that are not identical to each other or the parent cells.
Mitosis results in daughter cells that are genetically identical to each other and the parent
cell.
-Law of Segregation - -Mendel's law that states that pairs of homologous chromosomes
separate in meiosis so that one chromosome from each pair is present in each gamete
-Spermatogenesis produces _____? - -4 viable sperm
-Tay-Sachs disease - -autosomal recessive; caused by a recessive allele that leads to
accumulation of certain lipids in the brain. Seizures, blindness, and degeneration of motor
and mental performance, shows up a few months after birth.
-oogenesis produces _____? - -One egg and polar bodies
-cystic fibrosis - -autosomal recessive disease; characterized by an excessive secretion of
mucus and consequent vulnerability to infection; fatal if untreated. Inability to receive
chloride ions
-sickle cell anemia - -autosomal recessive disorder; causes abnormal hemoglobin,
resulting in some red blood cells assuming an abnormal sickle shape
-Huntington's disease - -autosomal dominant disease; uncontrollable body mvmts. and
degeneration of the nervous system; usually fatal 10 to 20 years after the onset of
symptoms.
, -Darwin's idea of evolution - -natural selection- survival of the fittest
-Lamarck's idea of evolution - -individuals can acquire traits during their lifetime and pass
them onto their offspring, environmental
-Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium - -1). No mutations. 2). Random mating. 3). No natural
selection. 4). The population size must be extremely large, no genetic drift. 5). No gene
flow. i.e. transfer of pollen.
-Darwin's Theory - -1) Individual organisms differ in terms of reproductive success,
fitness, overproduce offspring
2) Organisms adapt to conditions as environment changed
3) Organisms compete for limited resources, 4) individual organisms exhibit variation that
can be passed from one gen. to next AKA heritable variation
-Evidences of Evolution - -1. Fossil Evidence
2. Biogeographic Evidence (geo. barriers)
3. Anatomical Evidence (homologous struc., vestigial struc.)
4. Biochemical Evidence (ATP/ DNA similarities)
-5 forms of microevolution - -1. mutations
2. genetic drift (natural disaster)
3. Gene Flow
4. Nonrandom Mating
5. Natural Selection
-heterozygote advantage - -individuals who are heterozygous at a particular locus have
greater fitness than do both kinds of homozygotes
ex: sickle cell carrier
-Hemophilia symptoms and physiology - -An X-linked recessive order with 2 common
types. Type A is due to the absence of clotting factor VIII and Type B is due to the absence
of clotting factor IX.
Hemophilia causes the blood to not clot or to clot very slowly. Bleeding is excessive
externally after an injury, but also internally around joints.
Can be stopped with transfusions if fresh blood or plasma, or concentrates of the missing
clotting protein.
-allopatric speciation - -The formation of new species in populations that are
geographically isolated from one another.
-sympatric speciation - -The formation of new species in populations that live in the same
geographic area
Phases of Mitosis - -Prophase (chromosomes condense and the muvlear envelope
dissolves), Prometaphase (chromosomes attach to spindle fibers), Metaphase
(chromosomes are aligned at metaphase plate), Anaphase (chromosomes separate, become
daughter chromosomes that move toward poles), Telophase (new nuclear envelopes form
around the daughter chromosomes and cytokinesis is well underway)
-Meiosis occurs in any life cycle that involves ________ reproduction - -Sexual
-The end result of meiosis is ______ - -daughter cells with the haploid number of
homologous chromosomes
-law of independent assortment - -1. pairs separate independently of each other
2. all possible combos of factors can occur in gametes
-Mitosis v Meiosis - -1) Mitosis forms two diploid cells with the same number of
chromosomes as the parent cells v. Meiosis forms four haploid cells with half the number of
chromosomes as the parent cell
2) Mitosis requires 1 nuclear division, Meiosis requires 2 nuclear divisions
3) Meiosis results in daughter cells that are not identical to each other or the parent cells.
Mitosis results in daughter cells that are genetically identical to each other and the parent
cell.
-Law of Segregation - -Mendel's law that states that pairs of homologous chromosomes
separate in meiosis so that one chromosome from each pair is present in each gamete
-Spermatogenesis produces _____? - -4 viable sperm
-Tay-Sachs disease - -autosomal recessive; caused by a recessive allele that leads to
accumulation of certain lipids in the brain. Seizures, blindness, and degeneration of motor
and mental performance, shows up a few months after birth.
-oogenesis produces _____? - -One egg and polar bodies
-cystic fibrosis - -autosomal recessive disease; characterized by an excessive secretion of
mucus and consequent vulnerability to infection; fatal if untreated. Inability to receive
chloride ions
-sickle cell anemia - -autosomal recessive disorder; causes abnormal hemoglobin,
resulting in some red blood cells assuming an abnormal sickle shape
-Huntington's disease - -autosomal dominant disease; uncontrollable body mvmts. and
degeneration of the nervous system; usually fatal 10 to 20 years after the onset of
symptoms.
, -Darwin's idea of evolution - -natural selection- survival of the fittest
-Lamarck's idea of evolution - -individuals can acquire traits during their lifetime and pass
them onto their offspring, environmental
-Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium - -1). No mutations. 2). Random mating. 3). No natural
selection. 4). The population size must be extremely large, no genetic drift. 5). No gene
flow. i.e. transfer of pollen.
-Darwin's Theory - -1) Individual organisms differ in terms of reproductive success,
fitness, overproduce offspring
2) Organisms adapt to conditions as environment changed
3) Organisms compete for limited resources, 4) individual organisms exhibit variation that
can be passed from one gen. to next AKA heritable variation
-Evidences of Evolution - -1. Fossil Evidence
2. Biogeographic Evidence (geo. barriers)
3. Anatomical Evidence (homologous struc., vestigial struc.)
4. Biochemical Evidence (ATP/ DNA similarities)
-5 forms of microevolution - -1. mutations
2. genetic drift (natural disaster)
3. Gene Flow
4. Nonrandom Mating
5. Natural Selection
-heterozygote advantage - -individuals who are heterozygous at a particular locus have
greater fitness than do both kinds of homozygotes
ex: sickle cell carrier
-Hemophilia symptoms and physiology - -An X-linked recessive order with 2 common
types. Type A is due to the absence of clotting factor VIII and Type B is due to the absence
of clotting factor IX.
Hemophilia causes the blood to not clot or to clot very slowly. Bleeding is excessive
externally after an injury, but also internally around joints.
Can be stopped with transfusions if fresh blood or plasma, or concentrates of the missing
clotting protein.
-allopatric speciation - -The formation of new species in populations that are
geographically isolated from one another.
-sympatric speciation - -The formation of new species in populations that live in the same
geographic area
