RASMUSSEN PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL
PAPER 2026 COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS ALREADY PASSED
◉ _________Can be a mild, transient irritation, or it cab be a severe
ulceration with hemorrhage. Answer: Acute Gastritis
◉ _________ Usually develops suddenly and is likely to be
accompanied by nausea and epigastric pain. Answer: Acute Gastritis
◉ _________ Gastritis develops gradually.. Answer: Chronic Gastritis
◉ Gastritis can be further categorized as erosive or nonerosive. Answer:
Chronic Gastritis
◉ Symptoms of: Anorexia, nausea & vomiting, postprandial discomfort,
and hematemesis.. Answer: Acute Gastritis
◉ Symptoms of: May be asymptomatic, but usually accompanied by a
dull epigastric pain and a sensation of fullness after minimal intake..
Answer: Chronic Gastritis
,◉ Inflammation of the stomach and intestines, usually because of an
infection or allergic reaction. Answer: Gastroenteritis
◉ Usually due to primary inflammatory disease such as crohns disease.
Answer: Chronic Gastroenteritis
◉ Commonly due to direct infection such as salmonella from raw or
undercooked chicken or eggs. Answer: Acute Gastroenteritis
◉ Signs & Symptoms: Diarrhea, abdominal discomfort, pain, nausea,
and vomiting. Answer: Gastroenteritis
◉ Most common cause of chronic gastritis. Answer: Helicobacter pylori
◉ Embeds itself in the mucous layer, activating toxins and enzymes that
cause inflammation. Genetic vulnerability and lifestyle behaviors
(smoking and stress) may increase the susceptibility. Answer:
Helicobacter pylori
◉ Other causes of?: Organisms transmitted though food and water
contamination, long-term use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs,
,excessive alcohol use, severe stress, autoimmune conditions, and other
chronic disease. Answer: Gastritis
◉ Complications of?: Peptic ulcers, gastric cancer, and hemorrhage.
Answer: Chronic Gastritis
◉ Manifestations of?: Include indigestion, heartburn, epigastric pain,
abdominal cramping, nausea, vomiting, anorexia, fever, and malaise.
Hematemesis and dark, tarry stools can indicate ulceration and
bleeding.. Answer: Gastritis
◉ Chyme periodically backs up from the stomach into the esophagus.
Bile can also back up into the esophagus.. Answer: GERD
(Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease)
◉ These gastric secretions irritate the esophageal mucosa. Answer:
GERD (Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease)
◉ Causes of?: certain foods (e.g., chocolate, caffeine, carbonated
beverages, citrus fruit, tomatoes, spicy or fatty foods, and peppermint),
alcohol consumption, nicotine, hiatal hernia, obesity, pregnancy, certain
medications (e.g., corticosteroids, beta blockers, calcium-channel
blockers, and anticholinergics), nasogastric intubation, and delayed
gastric emptying. Answer: GERD (Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease)
, ◉ Manifestations of?: heartburn, epigastric pain (usually after a meal or
when recombinant), dysphagia, dry cough, laryngitis, pharyngitis,
regurgitation of food, and sensation of a lump in the throat.. Answer:
GERD (Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease)
◉ Complications of?: esophagitis, strictures, ulcerations, esophageal
cancer, and chronic pulmonary disease. Answer: GERD
(Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease)
◉ Often confused with angina and may warrant ruling out cardiac
disease. Answer: GERD (Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease)
◉ Lesions affecting the lining of the stomach or duodenum. Answer:
Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD)
◉ Risk factors of?: being male, advancing age, nonsteroidal anti-
inflammatory drug use (NSAIDs), H. pylori infections, certain gastric
tumors, and those for GERD.. Answer: Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD)
◉ Vary in severity from superficial erosions to complete penetration
through the GI tract wall. Develops because of an imbalance between
destructive forces and protective mechanisms. Answer: Peptic Ulcer
Disease (PUD)
PAPER 2026 COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS ALREADY PASSED
◉ _________Can be a mild, transient irritation, or it cab be a severe
ulceration with hemorrhage. Answer: Acute Gastritis
◉ _________ Usually develops suddenly and is likely to be
accompanied by nausea and epigastric pain. Answer: Acute Gastritis
◉ _________ Gastritis develops gradually.. Answer: Chronic Gastritis
◉ Gastritis can be further categorized as erosive or nonerosive. Answer:
Chronic Gastritis
◉ Symptoms of: Anorexia, nausea & vomiting, postprandial discomfort,
and hematemesis.. Answer: Acute Gastritis
◉ Symptoms of: May be asymptomatic, but usually accompanied by a
dull epigastric pain and a sensation of fullness after minimal intake..
Answer: Chronic Gastritis
,◉ Inflammation of the stomach and intestines, usually because of an
infection or allergic reaction. Answer: Gastroenteritis
◉ Usually due to primary inflammatory disease such as crohns disease.
Answer: Chronic Gastroenteritis
◉ Commonly due to direct infection such as salmonella from raw or
undercooked chicken or eggs. Answer: Acute Gastroenteritis
◉ Signs & Symptoms: Diarrhea, abdominal discomfort, pain, nausea,
and vomiting. Answer: Gastroenteritis
◉ Most common cause of chronic gastritis. Answer: Helicobacter pylori
◉ Embeds itself in the mucous layer, activating toxins and enzymes that
cause inflammation. Genetic vulnerability and lifestyle behaviors
(smoking and stress) may increase the susceptibility. Answer:
Helicobacter pylori
◉ Other causes of?: Organisms transmitted though food and water
contamination, long-term use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs,
,excessive alcohol use, severe stress, autoimmune conditions, and other
chronic disease. Answer: Gastritis
◉ Complications of?: Peptic ulcers, gastric cancer, and hemorrhage.
Answer: Chronic Gastritis
◉ Manifestations of?: Include indigestion, heartburn, epigastric pain,
abdominal cramping, nausea, vomiting, anorexia, fever, and malaise.
Hematemesis and dark, tarry stools can indicate ulceration and
bleeding.. Answer: Gastritis
◉ Chyme periodically backs up from the stomach into the esophagus.
Bile can also back up into the esophagus.. Answer: GERD
(Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease)
◉ These gastric secretions irritate the esophageal mucosa. Answer:
GERD (Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease)
◉ Causes of?: certain foods (e.g., chocolate, caffeine, carbonated
beverages, citrus fruit, tomatoes, spicy or fatty foods, and peppermint),
alcohol consumption, nicotine, hiatal hernia, obesity, pregnancy, certain
medications (e.g., corticosteroids, beta blockers, calcium-channel
blockers, and anticholinergics), nasogastric intubation, and delayed
gastric emptying. Answer: GERD (Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease)
, ◉ Manifestations of?: heartburn, epigastric pain (usually after a meal or
when recombinant), dysphagia, dry cough, laryngitis, pharyngitis,
regurgitation of food, and sensation of a lump in the throat.. Answer:
GERD (Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease)
◉ Complications of?: esophagitis, strictures, ulcerations, esophageal
cancer, and chronic pulmonary disease. Answer: GERD
(Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease)
◉ Often confused with angina and may warrant ruling out cardiac
disease. Answer: GERD (Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease)
◉ Lesions affecting the lining of the stomach or duodenum. Answer:
Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD)
◉ Risk factors of?: being male, advancing age, nonsteroidal anti-
inflammatory drug use (NSAIDs), H. pylori infections, certain gastric
tumors, and those for GERD.. Answer: Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD)
◉ Vary in severity from superficial erosions to complete penetration
through the GI tract wall. Develops because of an imbalance between
destructive forces and protective mechanisms. Answer: Peptic Ulcer
Disease (PUD)
