Blood Bank Exam 1 UAMS Questions and
Answers (100% Correct Answers) Already
Graded A+
History of transfusion medicine [ Ans: ] • First transfusion
in 1492 when blood from three young men was given to
an ill Pope
. All four died.
• Biggest problems from then on were giving the wrong
type and the blood clotting
Typing discovered by Landsteiner in 1901 who won a
Nobel Prize W.W. Il spurred much research
Components replacing whole blood AIDS effect on
transfusions
Immunology for Blood Banking [ Ans: ] Immunology is the
process where the organism is protected from disease and
foreign invaders
• The body must recognize antigens that are foreign from
self- antigens thus allowing antibodies to destroy invaders
but not harm the body itself
Proteins called antibodies bind to foreign antigens such as
microorganisms and tumor cells and cause their
destruction
,Transfused red cell carrying non-self antigens can also be
destroyed if the appropriate tests are not performed
transfusion to determine compatibility
o Intravascular
- cell membrane destroyed by complement
- causes immediate problem such as with wrong ABO
a. Cells destroyed and kidney damaged by fragments
b. Review of complement action
Extravascular
- antibody attached to red cell membrane and cell is
removed by the spleen delayed transfusion reactions and
fetal deaths
Two immune responses: [ Ans: ] Humoral: Cellular
types Humoral: [ Ans: ] Humoral: the production of
antibodies (Igs) by B lymphs converted plasma cells
Macrophage ingests a foreign antigen, processes it,
extrudes it and holds it on its surface until the antibody is
made Macrophage-bound antigen interacts with T cells to
induce the transformation of B cells into plasma cells
• Antibody produced binds to antigen
,Once coated with antibody, cell is either destroyed by
phagocytosis, by complement or is removed by the spleen
Immune cells all come from pluripotential stem from BM
Cellular [ Ans: ] immunity: the direct interaction of T
lymphs with foreign cells
T cells produce a variety of substances such as
chemotactic factors and mediators of inflammation CD4
(helper) and CD 8 (suppressor or cytotoxic) cells
* Helpers help transform B cells to plasma cells
Suppressors suppress antibody formation to auto antigens
Delayed hypersensitivity and transplant immunology are
examples of cellular immunity Also null or natural killer
cells which can cause cell death by direct lysis
Complement: [ Ans: ] Complement: lyses antibody coated
cells and serves to mediate opsonization to prepare for
phagocytosis by neutrophils and macrophages - will have
a whole lecture on this later
substance capable of inducing a specific response [ Ans: ]
Antigen:
Antigen: [ Ans: ] Defined by the antibodies which react
Composed of protein, carbohydrate or lipid and have
molecular weight over 5000 Daltons c. Can be free but are
usually bound to the surface of red blood cells
, d. Most red cell antigens stick out from the surface of the
cell or are integral part of the membrane - those which
stick out tend to be antigenic
e. Epitope - portion of antigen where antibody combines
f. Large variability on how antigenic an antigen is
g. Antigen can get in by being injected, inhaled ingested
Epitope [ Ans: ] portion of antigen where antibody
combines
proteins synthesized by plasma cells [ Ans: ] Antibodies:
Antibodies: [ Ans: ] proteins synthesized by plasma cells
Production initiated following the direct interaction of an
antigen with macrophage Macrophage bound antigens
interact with T lymphs inducing transform to plasma cells
to make an antibody which in turn combines with the
antigens which stimulated its production • Anti to foreign
are called alloantibody
Anti to self are autoantibody
c. Structure of immunoglobulins
Structure of immunoglobulin [ Ans: ] Two polypeptide
chains - one heavy and one light joined by a disulfide
bond In any monomer, the two halves are identical
Answers (100% Correct Answers) Already
Graded A+
History of transfusion medicine [ Ans: ] • First transfusion
in 1492 when blood from three young men was given to
an ill Pope
. All four died.
• Biggest problems from then on were giving the wrong
type and the blood clotting
Typing discovered by Landsteiner in 1901 who won a
Nobel Prize W.W. Il spurred much research
Components replacing whole blood AIDS effect on
transfusions
Immunology for Blood Banking [ Ans: ] Immunology is the
process where the organism is protected from disease and
foreign invaders
• The body must recognize antigens that are foreign from
self- antigens thus allowing antibodies to destroy invaders
but not harm the body itself
Proteins called antibodies bind to foreign antigens such as
microorganisms and tumor cells and cause their
destruction
,Transfused red cell carrying non-self antigens can also be
destroyed if the appropriate tests are not performed
transfusion to determine compatibility
o Intravascular
- cell membrane destroyed by complement
- causes immediate problem such as with wrong ABO
a. Cells destroyed and kidney damaged by fragments
b. Review of complement action
Extravascular
- antibody attached to red cell membrane and cell is
removed by the spleen delayed transfusion reactions and
fetal deaths
Two immune responses: [ Ans: ] Humoral: Cellular
types Humoral: [ Ans: ] Humoral: the production of
antibodies (Igs) by B lymphs converted plasma cells
Macrophage ingests a foreign antigen, processes it,
extrudes it and holds it on its surface until the antibody is
made Macrophage-bound antigen interacts with T cells to
induce the transformation of B cells into plasma cells
• Antibody produced binds to antigen
,Once coated with antibody, cell is either destroyed by
phagocytosis, by complement or is removed by the spleen
Immune cells all come from pluripotential stem from BM
Cellular [ Ans: ] immunity: the direct interaction of T
lymphs with foreign cells
T cells produce a variety of substances such as
chemotactic factors and mediators of inflammation CD4
(helper) and CD 8 (suppressor or cytotoxic) cells
* Helpers help transform B cells to plasma cells
Suppressors suppress antibody formation to auto antigens
Delayed hypersensitivity and transplant immunology are
examples of cellular immunity Also null or natural killer
cells which can cause cell death by direct lysis
Complement: [ Ans: ] Complement: lyses antibody coated
cells and serves to mediate opsonization to prepare for
phagocytosis by neutrophils and macrophages - will have
a whole lecture on this later
substance capable of inducing a specific response [ Ans: ]
Antigen:
Antigen: [ Ans: ] Defined by the antibodies which react
Composed of protein, carbohydrate or lipid and have
molecular weight over 5000 Daltons c. Can be free but are
usually bound to the surface of red blood cells
, d. Most red cell antigens stick out from the surface of the
cell or are integral part of the membrane - those which
stick out tend to be antigenic
e. Epitope - portion of antigen where antibody combines
f. Large variability on how antigenic an antigen is
g. Antigen can get in by being injected, inhaled ingested
Epitope [ Ans: ] portion of antigen where antibody
combines
proteins synthesized by plasma cells [ Ans: ] Antibodies:
Antibodies: [ Ans: ] proteins synthesized by plasma cells
Production initiated following the direct interaction of an
antigen with macrophage Macrophage bound antigens
interact with T lymphs inducing transform to plasma cells
to make an antibody which in turn combines with the
antigens which stimulated its production • Anti to foreign
are called alloantibody
Anti to self are autoantibody
c. Structure of immunoglobulins
Structure of immunoglobulin [ Ans: ] Two polypeptide
chains - one heavy and one light joined by a disulfide
bond In any monomer, the two halves are identical
