UConn Philosophy 1102: Rossberg -
Final Exam fully solved
Categorical Statements - ANS ✔✔a statement that relates two classes or categories
Standard Forms of Categorical Statements - ANS ✔✔A, E, I, O
Standard form A - ANS ✔✔All S are P; universal affirmative
Standard form E - ANS ✔✔No S are P; universal negative
Standard form I - ANS ✔✔Some S are P; particular affirmative
Standard form O - ANS ✔✔Some S are not P; particular negative
Quality - ANS ✔✔Affirmative or negative nature of a statement
Quantity - ANS ✔✔Universal or particular nature of a statement
Putting Categorical Statements into Standard Form - ANS ✔✔1) When its predicate is an
adjective, add an appropriate noun
"All humans are rational" → "All humans are rational animals/things"
2) Elements are present but not in right order, rearrange the elements
"Rubies are all gems" → "All rubes are gems"
, 3) Verb other than "are" shifted into predicate
"All fish swim" → "All fish are swimmers"
"All criminals should be punished" → "All criminals are people who should be punished"
"All workers were tired" → "All workers are people who were tired"
"No persons who confess will be prosecuted" → "No persons who confess are persons who will
be prosecuted"
Immediate Inference - ANS ✔✔a conclusion is drawn from only one premise
Corresponding statements - ANS ✔✔categorical statements having the same subject term and
the same predicate term
Contradictories - ANS ✔✔two statements that cannot both be true and they cannot both be
false
Contraries - ANS ✔✔Two statements that cannot both be true, but can both be false
Necessary truth - ANS ✔✔If a statement is true and cannot be false under any possible
circumstances
Subcontraries - ANS ✔✔two statements that cannot both be false but they can both be true
Necessary falsehood - ANS ✔✔it is false and it cannot be true in any possible circumstances
Subalternation - ANS ✔✔the logical relationship between a universal statement and its
corresponding particular statement
Final Exam fully solved
Categorical Statements - ANS ✔✔a statement that relates two classes or categories
Standard Forms of Categorical Statements - ANS ✔✔A, E, I, O
Standard form A - ANS ✔✔All S are P; universal affirmative
Standard form E - ANS ✔✔No S are P; universal negative
Standard form I - ANS ✔✔Some S are P; particular affirmative
Standard form O - ANS ✔✔Some S are not P; particular negative
Quality - ANS ✔✔Affirmative or negative nature of a statement
Quantity - ANS ✔✔Universal or particular nature of a statement
Putting Categorical Statements into Standard Form - ANS ✔✔1) When its predicate is an
adjective, add an appropriate noun
"All humans are rational" → "All humans are rational animals/things"
2) Elements are present but not in right order, rearrange the elements
"Rubies are all gems" → "All rubes are gems"
, 3) Verb other than "are" shifted into predicate
"All fish swim" → "All fish are swimmers"
"All criminals should be punished" → "All criminals are people who should be punished"
"All workers were tired" → "All workers are people who were tired"
"No persons who confess will be prosecuted" → "No persons who confess are persons who will
be prosecuted"
Immediate Inference - ANS ✔✔a conclusion is drawn from only one premise
Corresponding statements - ANS ✔✔categorical statements having the same subject term and
the same predicate term
Contradictories - ANS ✔✔two statements that cannot both be true and they cannot both be
false
Contraries - ANS ✔✔Two statements that cannot both be true, but can both be false
Necessary truth - ANS ✔✔If a statement is true and cannot be false under any possible
circumstances
Subcontraries - ANS ✔✔two statements that cannot both be false but they can both be true
Necessary falsehood - ANS ✔✔it is false and it cannot be true in any possible circumstances
Subalternation - ANS ✔✔the logical relationship between a universal statement and its
corresponding particular statement
