ELIMINATION
Process of emptying the bladder
Aka: urination, micturition, voiding
NORMAL
ASSESSMENT
Clear, pale yellow urine
Odor mild
pH 4.6–8.2
NORMAL KIDNEY
GFR 120–130 mL/min
GFR <60 = renal failure
, FACTORS AFFECTING
MICTURITION
DEVELOPMENTAL
Infants: no control
Age 2–3: toilet training
Older adult: nocturia, retention
↓
stasis, tone
FLUID & FOOD
Hydration increases output
PATHOLOGIC Alcohol = diuretic
CONDITIONS Salt = retains water
UTI PSYCHOLOGICAL
Polycystic kidney disease Stress inhibits or increases voiding
Stones Privacy matters
Diabetes
Gout ACTIVITY/MUSCLE
Lupus
Hypertension Immobility tone↓
Exercise improves voiding