NUR 445 Exam 2 COMPLETE EXAM
QUESTIONS WITH DETAILED
VERIFIED ANSWERS (100% CORRECT
ANSWERS) ALREADY GRADED A+
What is the definition of affinity? - answer the attraction between Hgb and O2
What does Hgb have an affinity to? - answerHgb has an attraction for O2 molecules
What does the ox hemoglobin dissociation curve represent? - answer relationship
between PaO2 and SaO2
What is PaO2? - answerpartial pressure of arterial O2 (arterial O2 tension)
What is SaO2? - answerHgb saturation
What does P50 represent? - answermeasures when Hgb is 50% saturated with O2
When does the P50 change? - answerwhen physiologic factors are altered
What does a left shift on the dissociation curve do to the affinity of O2 to hemoglobin? -
answerincreases affinity = prevents release to tissues
What does a right shift on the dissociation curve do to the affinity of O2 to hemoglobin?
- answerdecreases affinity = readily release to tissues
What causes a left shift on the dissociation curve? - answeralkalosis, hypothermia,
hypocapnia, decreased 2,3 DPG
What causes a right shift on the dissociation curve? - answeracidosis, hyperthermia,
hypercapnia, increased 2,3-DPG
What are three components of oxygenation? - answerpulmonary gas exchange, O2
delivery, O2 consumption
What 2 problems in oxygenation does the nurse assess for and intervene? -
answerdecreased O2 supply, increased O2 demand
,What is the definition of oxygenation? - answerthe use of O2 for energy through aerobic
metabolism
What are the two goals in the assessment of oxygenation? - answerto determine the
overall adequacy of oxygenation and to determine which component of oxygenation
dysfunction should be manipulated
What are the three components of pulmonary gas exchange? - answerventilation,
diffusion, perfusion
What is the definition of ventilation? - answermovement of air between the atmosphere
and the lungs
What is the actual work of breathing called (using the muscles, lungs, airway, nervous
system)? - answerventilation
What is the definition of diffusion? - answermovement of gas across pressure gradient
from area of high concentration to low concentration
What is it called when O2 moves from alveoli to pulmonary capillaries? -
answerdiffusion
What is the definition of perfusion? - answerpulmonary perfusion of pulmonary
capillaries; flow of blood to tissues/organs
What is perfusion affected by? - answerHgb, O2 affinity, and blood flow
Why is the matching of ventilation to perfusion essential for gas exchange? -
answerwhen they are not matched, oxygen becomes impaired
When might ventilation to perfusion mismatching occur? - answerPE, pneumothorax,
hypoxemia
What are the components of oxygen delivery? - answerCO, CaO2, ANS innervation,
auto-regulation
What is afterload? - answerresistance ventricle pumps blood
What is the normal value for afterload? - answer800-1200
What is cardiac output? - answeramount of blood pumped each minute
What is the normal value for cardiac output? - answer4-8
What is CaO2? - answerTotal O2 carried in arterial blood
, What is combined SaO2 and PaO2? - answerCaO2
What is contractility? - answerthe force of contractions
What is DO2? - answerprocess of O2 transport to cells, utilizing CO, CaO2,
autoregulation, and ANS innervation
What is the product of CO and CaO2? - answerDO2
What is HgbO2? - answerhemoglobin fully saturated with O2
What is SaO2/SpO2? - answerratio of HgbO2 to total Hgb
What is the difference between SaO2 and SpO2? - answerSpO2 means obtained
through pulse oximetry, where SaO2 is via arterial blood
What is stroke volume? - answervolume pumped with each beat
What is the normal value of stroke volume? - answer50-100
What is the normal value of Hgb? - answer12-17
What does PaO2 represent? - answeramount of oxygen dissolved in plasma
What does SaO2 represent? - answerSaturation of Hgb with O2 (oxyhemoglobin)
What is the percentage of the body's oxygen on HgbO2 (SaO2)? - answer97%
What percentage of the body's oxygen is dissolved in plasma (PaO2)? - answer3%
What can impair O2 delivery? - answerdysrhythmias, heart failure, uncompensated
decrease in CO, Hgb, or SaO2
How is O2 delivery assessed? - answerCO, Hgb, SaO2, PaO2 (ABGs)
How can CO be assessed at the bedside? - answerpulses, heart sounds, monitor, fluid
balance, CVP, heart sounds, O2 status, BP, pulse pressure, Hx of previous MI, acute
MI or ischemia
What is the definition of oxygen consumption? - answerthe rate at which O2 is used by
cells to generate energy
What is the definition of aerobic metabolism? - answercarbs/fats/proteins broken down
into ATP (through Krebs cycle); creates intracellular energy stores to release when
energy is required
QUESTIONS WITH DETAILED
VERIFIED ANSWERS (100% CORRECT
ANSWERS) ALREADY GRADED A+
What is the definition of affinity? - answer the attraction between Hgb and O2
What does Hgb have an affinity to? - answerHgb has an attraction for O2 molecules
What does the ox hemoglobin dissociation curve represent? - answer relationship
between PaO2 and SaO2
What is PaO2? - answerpartial pressure of arterial O2 (arterial O2 tension)
What is SaO2? - answerHgb saturation
What does P50 represent? - answermeasures when Hgb is 50% saturated with O2
When does the P50 change? - answerwhen physiologic factors are altered
What does a left shift on the dissociation curve do to the affinity of O2 to hemoglobin? -
answerincreases affinity = prevents release to tissues
What does a right shift on the dissociation curve do to the affinity of O2 to hemoglobin?
- answerdecreases affinity = readily release to tissues
What causes a left shift on the dissociation curve? - answeralkalosis, hypothermia,
hypocapnia, decreased 2,3 DPG
What causes a right shift on the dissociation curve? - answeracidosis, hyperthermia,
hypercapnia, increased 2,3-DPG
What are three components of oxygenation? - answerpulmonary gas exchange, O2
delivery, O2 consumption
What 2 problems in oxygenation does the nurse assess for and intervene? -
answerdecreased O2 supply, increased O2 demand
,What is the definition of oxygenation? - answerthe use of O2 for energy through aerobic
metabolism
What are the two goals in the assessment of oxygenation? - answerto determine the
overall adequacy of oxygenation and to determine which component of oxygenation
dysfunction should be manipulated
What are the three components of pulmonary gas exchange? - answerventilation,
diffusion, perfusion
What is the definition of ventilation? - answermovement of air between the atmosphere
and the lungs
What is the actual work of breathing called (using the muscles, lungs, airway, nervous
system)? - answerventilation
What is the definition of diffusion? - answermovement of gas across pressure gradient
from area of high concentration to low concentration
What is it called when O2 moves from alveoli to pulmonary capillaries? -
answerdiffusion
What is the definition of perfusion? - answerpulmonary perfusion of pulmonary
capillaries; flow of blood to tissues/organs
What is perfusion affected by? - answerHgb, O2 affinity, and blood flow
Why is the matching of ventilation to perfusion essential for gas exchange? -
answerwhen they are not matched, oxygen becomes impaired
When might ventilation to perfusion mismatching occur? - answerPE, pneumothorax,
hypoxemia
What are the components of oxygen delivery? - answerCO, CaO2, ANS innervation,
auto-regulation
What is afterload? - answerresistance ventricle pumps blood
What is the normal value for afterload? - answer800-1200
What is cardiac output? - answeramount of blood pumped each minute
What is the normal value for cardiac output? - answer4-8
What is CaO2? - answerTotal O2 carried in arterial blood
, What is combined SaO2 and PaO2? - answerCaO2
What is contractility? - answerthe force of contractions
What is DO2? - answerprocess of O2 transport to cells, utilizing CO, CaO2,
autoregulation, and ANS innervation
What is the product of CO and CaO2? - answerDO2
What is HgbO2? - answerhemoglobin fully saturated with O2
What is SaO2/SpO2? - answerratio of HgbO2 to total Hgb
What is the difference between SaO2 and SpO2? - answerSpO2 means obtained
through pulse oximetry, where SaO2 is via arterial blood
What is stroke volume? - answervolume pumped with each beat
What is the normal value of stroke volume? - answer50-100
What is the normal value of Hgb? - answer12-17
What does PaO2 represent? - answeramount of oxygen dissolved in plasma
What does SaO2 represent? - answerSaturation of Hgb with O2 (oxyhemoglobin)
What is the percentage of the body's oxygen on HgbO2 (SaO2)? - answer97%
What percentage of the body's oxygen is dissolved in plasma (PaO2)? - answer3%
What can impair O2 delivery? - answerdysrhythmias, heart failure, uncompensated
decrease in CO, Hgb, or SaO2
How is O2 delivery assessed? - answerCO, Hgb, SaO2, PaO2 (ABGs)
How can CO be assessed at the bedside? - answerpulses, heart sounds, monitor, fluid
balance, CVP, heart sounds, O2 status, BP, pulse pressure, Hx of previous MI, acute
MI or ischemia
What is the definition of oxygen consumption? - answerthe rate at which O2 is used by
cells to generate energy
What is the definition of aerobic metabolism? - answercarbs/fats/proteins broken down
into ATP (through Krebs cycle); creates intracellular energy stores to release when
energy is required
