NURS 5315 Advanced Patho Exam 4 STUDY
GUIDE 2026 COMPLETE QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT
DETAILED ANSWERS || 100% GUARANTEED PASS
<LATEST VERSION>
1. Osteoporosis - ANSWER ✔ -low bone mineral density
-increased risk of spontaneous fractures
-secondary caused by another condition
-vertebral fractures are the most common (asymptomatic)
-elevated RANKL in post-meno women
-insidious (slow progression)
2. Osteoarthritis (OA) - ANSWER ✔ -joint disease
-loss of articular cartilage
-r/t long term mechanical stress (sports, dance)
-r/t diseases such as DM
-pain, stiffness, joint swelling, tenderness, deformity
3. Sarcopenia - ANSWER ✔ -loss of muscle mass (strength first)
-r/t aging
4. Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) - ANSWER ✔ -most common form
of muscular dystrophy
-primarily affects boys age 3-5
-progresses rapidly X-linked genetic disorder
-free calcium enters muscle cells causing necrosis
-increased CK
-Gower's sign (weakness, no ambu 12-15)
-respiratory insuff, cardiomyopathy, scoliosis, ortho
, -cognitive deficits
-death by pulmonary infections
5. 12 Cranial nerves - ANSWER ✔ 1. Olfactory
2. Optic
3. Oculomotor
4. Trochlear
5. Trigeminal
6. Abducens
7. Facial
8. Vestibulocochlear
9. Glossopharyngeal
10. Vagus
11. Accessory
12. Hypoglossal
6. Cranial Nerve I: Olfactory - ANSWER ✔ sensory, smell
Sign of dysfunction: unable to identify aromatic substance
7. Cranial Nerve II: Optic - ANSWER ✔ -Function: sensory - carries impulse
for vision
-Testing procedure: eye chart testing, visual field testing
8. Cranial Nerve III: Oculomotor - ANSWER ✔ --Function: motor - fibers to
the superior, inferior and medial rectus muscles of the eye and to the smooth
muscle controlling lens shape. Medial and vertical eye movements; sensory -
proprioception of the eye
-Testing procedure: pupil sizes are compared for shape and equality,
pupillary reflex is tested; visual tracking is tested
,9. Cranial Nerve IV: Trochlear Nerve - ANSWER ✔ Motor: eye movement,
extra ocular superior oblique muscle
Tested the same as CN III
10.Cranial Nerve V: Trigeminal - ANSWER ✔ -Function: motor and sensory
for face, conducts sensory impulses from mouth, nose, eyes; motor fibers for
muscles of mastication. Control of jaw movements
-Testing procedure: pain, touch, and temperature are tested with proper
stimulus; corneal reflex tested with a wisp of cotton; person is asked to move
jaw through full ranges of motion
11.Cranial Nerve VI: Abducens - ANSWER ✔ -Function: motor and
proprioceptor fibers to/from lateral rectus muscle. Lateral eye movements
-Testing procedure: tested in conjunction with cranial nerve III relative to
moving eye laterally
12.Cranial Nerve VII: Facial - ANSWER ✔ -Function: mixed (sensory and
motor) sensory fibers to taste buds and anterior 2/3 tongue; motor fibers to
muscles of facial expression and to salivary glands
-Testing procedure: check symmetry of face, ask person to attempt various
facial expressions; sweet, salty, sour, and bitter substances are applied to
tongue to test tasting ability
13.Cranial Nerve VIII: vestibulocochlear - ANSWER ✔ Function: Sensory -
special senses of hearing and balance; Foramen: internal auditory canal;
Consequence of Loss: loss of hearing, loss of balance and equilibrium,
nausea, vertigo, vomiting
14.Cranial nerve IX: glossopharyngeal - ANSWER ✔ -Function: motor fibers
for pharynx and salivary glands; sensory fibers for pharynx and posterior
tongue. Taste sensation for sweet, bitter and sour
, -Testing procedure: gag and swallow reflexes are checked; posterior one third
of tongue is tested for taste
15.Cranial Nerve X: Vagus - ANSWER ✔ -Function: sensory/motor impulses
for larynx and pharynx; parasympathetic motor fibers supply smooth
muscles of abdominal organs; sensory impulses from viscera
-Testing procedure: tested in conjunction with cranial nerve IX
16.Cranial Nerve XI: Spinal Accessory - ANSWER ✔ Function: Motor - to
sternocleidomastoid and trapezius; Foramen: foramen magnum, jugular
foramen; Consequence of Loss: difficulty elevating scapula or rotating neck
17.Cranial Nerve XII: Hypoglossal - ANSWER ✔ -Function: motor/sensory
fibers to/from tongue. Movement of tongue
-Testing procedure: ask person to stick out tongue, positional abnormalities
are noted
18.central nervous system - ANSWER ✔ consists of the brain and spinal cord
19.peripheral nervous system - ANSWER ✔ consists of 12 pairs of cranial
nerves and 31 spinal nerves
subdivided into somatic and autonomic nervous system
20.afferent nerves - ANSWER ✔ sensory transmitters that send impulses from
receptors in the skin, muscles, and joints to the central nervous system
21.efferent nerves - ANSWER ✔ Also called motor nerves; nerves that carry
information from the CNS to cells, tissues and organs.
GUIDE 2026 COMPLETE QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT
DETAILED ANSWERS || 100% GUARANTEED PASS
<LATEST VERSION>
1. Osteoporosis - ANSWER ✔ -low bone mineral density
-increased risk of spontaneous fractures
-secondary caused by another condition
-vertebral fractures are the most common (asymptomatic)
-elevated RANKL in post-meno women
-insidious (slow progression)
2. Osteoarthritis (OA) - ANSWER ✔ -joint disease
-loss of articular cartilage
-r/t long term mechanical stress (sports, dance)
-r/t diseases such as DM
-pain, stiffness, joint swelling, tenderness, deformity
3. Sarcopenia - ANSWER ✔ -loss of muscle mass (strength first)
-r/t aging
4. Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) - ANSWER ✔ -most common form
of muscular dystrophy
-primarily affects boys age 3-5
-progresses rapidly X-linked genetic disorder
-free calcium enters muscle cells causing necrosis
-increased CK
-Gower's sign (weakness, no ambu 12-15)
-respiratory insuff, cardiomyopathy, scoliosis, ortho
, -cognitive deficits
-death by pulmonary infections
5. 12 Cranial nerves - ANSWER ✔ 1. Olfactory
2. Optic
3. Oculomotor
4. Trochlear
5. Trigeminal
6. Abducens
7. Facial
8. Vestibulocochlear
9. Glossopharyngeal
10. Vagus
11. Accessory
12. Hypoglossal
6. Cranial Nerve I: Olfactory - ANSWER ✔ sensory, smell
Sign of dysfunction: unable to identify aromatic substance
7. Cranial Nerve II: Optic - ANSWER ✔ -Function: sensory - carries impulse
for vision
-Testing procedure: eye chart testing, visual field testing
8. Cranial Nerve III: Oculomotor - ANSWER ✔ --Function: motor - fibers to
the superior, inferior and medial rectus muscles of the eye and to the smooth
muscle controlling lens shape. Medial and vertical eye movements; sensory -
proprioception of the eye
-Testing procedure: pupil sizes are compared for shape and equality,
pupillary reflex is tested; visual tracking is tested
,9. Cranial Nerve IV: Trochlear Nerve - ANSWER ✔ Motor: eye movement,
extra ocular superior oblique muscle
Tested the same as CN III
10.Cranial Nerve V: Trigeminal - ANSWER ✔ -Function: motor and sensory
for face, conducts sensory impulses from mouth, nose, eyes; motor fibers for
muscles of mastication. Control of jaw movements
-Testing procedure: pain, touch, and temperature are tested with proper
stimulus; corneal reflex tested with a wisp of cotton; person is asked to move
jaw through full ranges of motion
11.Cranial Nerve VI: Abducens - ANSWER ✔ -Function: motor and
proprioceptor fibers to/from lateral rectus muscle. Lateral eye movements
-Testing procedure: tested in conjunction with cranial nerve III relative to
moving eye laterally
12.Cranial Nerve VII: Facial - ANSWER ✔ -Function: mixed (sensory and
motor) sensory fibers to taste buds and anterior 2/3 tongue; motor fibers to
muscles of facial expression and to salivary glands
-Testing procedure: check symmetry of face, ask person to attempt various
facial expressions; sweet, salty, sour, and bitter substances are applied to
tongue to test tasting ability
13.Cranial Nerve VIII: vestibulocochlear - ANSWER ✔ Function: Sensory -
special senses of hearing and balance; Foramen: internal auditory canal;
Consequence of Loss: loss of hearing, loss of balance and equilibrium,
nausea, vertigo, vomiting
14.Cranial nerve IX: glossopharyngeal - ANSWER ✔ -Function: motor fibers
for pharynx and salivary glands; sensory fibers for pharynx and posterior
tongue. Taste sensation for sweet, bitter and sour
, -Testing procedure: gag and swallow reflexes are checked; posterior one third
of tongue is tested for taste
15.Cranial Nerve X: Vagus - ANSWER ✔ -Function: sensory/motor impulses
for larynx and pharynx; parasympathetic motor fibers supply smooth
muscles of abdominal organs; sensory impulses from viscera
-Testing procedure: tested in conjunction with cranial nerve IX
16.Cranial Nerve XI: Spinal Accessory - ANSWER ✔ Function: Motor - to
sternocleidomastoid and trapezius; Foramen: foramen magnum, jugular
foramen; Consequence of Loss: difficulty elevating scapula or rotating neck
17.Cranial Nerve XII: Hypoglossal - ANSWER ✔ -Function: motor/sensory
fibers to/from tongue. Movement of tongue
-Testing procedure: ask person to stick out tongue, positional abnormalities
are noted
18.central nervous system - ANSWER ✔ consists of the brain and spinal cord
19.peripheral nervous system - ANSWER ✔ consists of 12 pairs of cranial
nerves and 31 spinal nerves
subdivided into somatic and autonomic nervous system
20.afferent nerves - ANSWER ✔ sensory transmitters that send impulses from
receptors in the skin, muscles, and joints to the central nervous system
21.efferent nerves - ANSWER ✔ Also called motor nerves; nerves that carry
information from the CNS to cells, tissues and organs.
