POB FINAL EXAM SHADWICK
QUESTIONS & ANSWERS(RATED A+)
Microbiota - ANSWERtypical complement of bacterial species found on the human
body; includes species found both internally and externally
Beneficial effects of microbes - ANSWER-Nutrient cycling
-Photosynthesis
-Bioremediation
Also valuable for industrial processes life food processing
Chemical evolution - ANSWER1. Simple organic molecules, called monomers, evolved
from inorganic compounds prior to the existence of cells. Amino acids, the basis of
proteins, and nucleotides, the building blocks of DNA and RNA, are examples of organic
monomers
2. Organic monomers were joined, or polymerized to form organic polymers, such as
DNA, RNA, and proteins
Biological evolution - ANSWER3. Organic polymers became enclosed in a membrane to
form the first cell precursors, called protobionts
4. Protobionts acquired the ability to self-replicate, as well as other cellular properties
Four stages that lead to the formation of cells - ANSWER1. Organic monomers
2. Organic polymers
3. Protobionts
4. Living Cells
for more info see above slides
Significance of the miller Urey experiment - ANSWERproved that organic molecules can
be made from inorganic molecules
Compare and contrast the protein first vs RNA first hypotheses - ANSWERProtein first -
some of these newly formed polypeptides had enzymatic properties
RNA first - only the macromolecule RNA was needed to progress toward formation of
the first cells.
Major Characteristics of Archaea - ANSWER- prokaryotes
- Sometimes have introns
- Histones
- Several types of RNA polymerase
Methionine is at start of protein synthesis
- Do not have nucleus or organelles
, Major characteristics of Bacteria - ANSWERUnicellular, prokaryotic, asexual, rigid cell
wall of peptidoglycon, multiply by binary fission
Major characteristics of Eukaryotes - ANSWER-Have nucleus and organelles
-Introns
-Histones
-Several types of RNA polymerase
-Methionine is at start of protein synthesis
Halophiles - ANSWER-Love salt, usually in salt concentrations 4-5x the salt
concentration of the ocean (SLC, Dead Sea)
Thermoacidohiles - ANSWER-Usually found in extremely hot, acidic, aquatic
environments such as hot springs, geysers, and underwater volcanoes
Methanogens - ANSWER-Use carbon dioxide and hydrogen as energy sources and
produce methane
-can be found in anaerobic environments like swamps, lake sediments, rice paddies,
and the intestines of animals
Structural features of bacteria - ANSWER-can be rod shaped, spherical, and spiral
shaped
-between .2 and 10 um in size
-all have plasma membrane
-most have a cell wall as well
-Flagella is used for locomotion, but cilia is not
Describe reproduction of bacteria - ANSWER-bacteria reproduce asexually
-The process is called binary fission
-It just grows until it is big enough to divide into two daughter cells
3 ways bacterial can increase their genetic variation - ANSWER-Conjugation, when a
donor cell passes DNA to a recipient cell
-Transformation, when a bacterium takes up DNA released into the medium by dead
bacteria
-Transduction, when viruses carry portions of bacterial DNA from one bacterium to
another
Metabolism and ecological function of Cyanobacteria - ANSWER-produced much of the
oxygen in the atmosphere
-algae
-first colonizers of rocks
Diseases caused by Streptococcus Pyrogenes - ANSWER-pneumonia
-meningitis
-middle ear infection
QUESTIONS & ANSWERS(RATED A+)
Microbiota - ANSWERtypical complement of bacterial species found on the human
body; includes species found both internally and externally
Beneficial effects of microbes - ANSWER-Nutrient cycling
-Photosynthesis
-Bioremediation
Also valuable for industrial processes life food processing
Chemical evolution - ANSWER1. Simple organic molecules, called monomers, evolved
from inorganic compounds prior to the existence of cells. Amino acids, the basis of
proteins, and nucleotides, the building blocks of DNA and RNA, are examples of organic
monomers
2. Organic monomers were joined, or polymerized to form organic polymers, such as
DNA, RNA, and proteins
Biological evolution - ANSWER3. Organic polymers became enclosed in a membrane to
form the first cell precursors, called protobionts
4. Protobionts acquired the ability to self-replicate, as well as other cellular properties
Four stages that lead to the formation of cells - ANSWER1. Organic monomers
2. Organic polymers
3. Protobionts
4. Living Cells
for more info see above slides
Significance of the miller Urey experiment - ANSWERproved that organic molecules can
be made from inorganic molecules
Compare and contrast the protein first vs RNA first hypotheses - ANSWERProtein first -
some of these newly formed polypeptides had enzymatic properties
RNA first - only the macromolecule RNA was needed to progress toward formation of
the first cells.
Major Characteristics of Archaea - ANSWER- prokaryotes
- Sometimes have introns
- Histones
- Several types of RNA polymerase
Methionine is at start of protein synthesis
- Do not have nucleus or organelles
, Major characteristics of Bacteria - ANSWERUnicellular, prokaryotic, asexual, rigid cell
wall of peptidoglycon, multiply by binary fission
Major characteristics of Eukaryotes - ANSWER-Have nucleus and organelles
-Introns
-Histones
-Several types of RNA polymerase
-Methionine is at start of protein synthesis
Halophiles - ANSWER-Love salt, usually in salt concentrations 4-5x the salt
concentration of the ocean (SLC, Dead Sea)
Thermoacidohiles - ANSWER-Usually found in extremely hot, acidic, aquatic
environments such as hot springs, geysers, and underwater volcanoes
Methanogens - ANSWER-Use carbon dioxide and hydrogen as energy sources and
produce methane
-can be found in anaerobic environments like swamps, lake sediments, rice paddies,
and the intestines of animals
Structural features of bacteria - ANSWER-can be rod shaped, spherical, and spiral
shaped
-between .2 and 10 um in size
-all have plasma membrane
-most have a cell wall as well
-Flagella is used for locomotion, but cilia is not
Describe reproduction of bacteria - ANSWER-bacteria reproduce asexually
-The process is called binary fission
-It just grows until it is big enough to divide into two daughter cells
3 ways bacterial can increase their genetic variation - ANSWER-Conjugation, when a
donor cell passes DNA to a recipient cell
-Transformation, when a bacterium takes up DNA released into the medium by dead
bacteria
-Transduction, when viruses carry portions of bacterial DNA from one bacterium to
another
Metabolism and ecological function of Cyanobacteria - ANSWER-produced much of the
oxygen in the atmosphere
-algae
-first colonizers of rocks
Diseases caused by Streptococcus Pyrogenes - ANSWER-pneumonia
-meningitis
-middle ear infection
