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Summary MCAT Biology High Yield Notes

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These MCAT Biology notes simplify complex biological concepts into easy-to-memorize, high-yield summaries designed specifically for the MCAT. They cover the most heavily tested topics including cell biology, biomolecules, enzymes, genetics, DNA replication and repair, transcription and translation, mitosis and meiosis, evolution, physiology of major organ systems, immunity, microbiology, and experimental design. Each section includes key definitions, labeled diagrams, comparison charts, and MCAT-style examples to improve retention, speed, and accuracy.

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Institution
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Uploaded on
December 8, 2025
Number of pages
25
Written in
2024/2025
Type
Summary

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Cells: lipid syn. , detoxi .,

transport anof tissues
protein

↑ EPITHELIAL
:




=> lines
body/cavities G FORMS parenchyma
>
-


squamous , cuboidal , columar

> simple
-


, pseudostra. , stratified
CONNECTIVE
> supports
-

body , framework for epithelia, forms STROMA
-recreate collagen/elastin - ECH
CARDIAC
NERVOUS Asexual reproduction

a provinoten
=
Gly
>
-


Replication/segregation
KCENTICAL
No sterols
-> Binary Fission (and bacteria)
-




↑ ·
Envelope (cell Wall G PH)
> Gram
staining
-




·
Oz requirement


OBLIGATE
AEROBES -> NO O2 : DEA

FACULTATIVE ANAEROBES >
-

O2/no 02

3) MICROAEROPHILES > low amt
-
. of O2

4) AEROTOLERANT ANAEROBES >
-
Tolerant O2

5) OBLIGATE ANAEROBES >
-


Oxygen
= DEATH




MICROBIOLOGY : immunolog / .




- delivery
TRANSDUCTION "ViruS"
TRANSFORMATION ·
hon gene transfer BACTERIOPHAGE
.




·
direct uptake from ENVIROMENT transmit genetic material

"Bacteria TAKES uP PLASMID"


CONJUGATION ·
w/ peptidoglycan
Bacteria -> cell wall
hor gene transfer , PLASMID Arched > circular/unicellular/Binary Fission
·
. -
·




NA Is transferred from 1- another ·
Eukarya > -

mitosis , organelles
· F factor

, EUKARYA :
Organelles :




ATP production
> Mitochondria : +
heat-energy
-




>
lysosomes destroyer :
-




>
-

endosomes :
delivery guy 1. NUCLEUS : DNA TOMRNA

- ER
> Steroid hormones SYNTHESIZE 2 RER : mRNA protein



packagebe
-
.





·
SER : (fat doughnut synthesis) Cestrogen) 3 Transport vesicle
.




·
RER translator
:
(protein for secreation ( 4
. GOLG1 : modity , sort ,

>
-


Golgi :
Sorter (resemble JER dre to (2) S . SECRETORY VESICLE
> peroxisomes
gym trainer (destory fats)


:
-




Cell (PM) membrane :




>
-
2 (Inner/outer)
>
space between
-




· paramelcum cells > INDEPENDENTLY for extended
· -




selectively penod oftime

> MISSUES : Interact w)
neighboring cells
-




Lipid Hydrolysis :


5) ATGGTC TAA 3 sense (coding)
> break
-


triglycerides
3) 5) andsense (template)
CADIPOSENISSUE) TACCAG ATT



DSOMATC CELLS : "acquired , Only In tumors 5 AUGGUCUAA 3 matcheee(w/u)
> all
body cells except REPRODUCTIVE CELLS
-




-> 2n ⑨ cancer a localized Curacil IN RIBOSOME]
>
-

MITOSIS
disease linked GRNA
-
Individuals
> affect (nonheritable) >
-

Cell Number : total # of cells population

-skin , muscle ,neurons ,liver mitosis skin divide after injury
·




· Cells
D GERM CELLS : "found in all cells/tissues" > Cell Growth : increase in size
-




> >heritable
reproductive cells protein synthesis
- -

·




> MeloSIS > sperm ,
egg , zygote big cells
- -
·




>
-

n

> pass genetic material - offspring
-

, Cytoskeleton
>
-

fibrillar protein
: >
-
determine shape of cell


-
>
-
alds in cell division/movement

Cilla flagella
↑ ↑

Microfilaments Microtubules In termediate Fild
(stronger than microfila)
(made of TUBLIN)
.




(made of ACTIN)
↓ X
↓ Kerant
Btublin vimentin
a tublin
neurofilaments

-




(CAM)
Struct . Motor Binding cell-Adhesion Immunoglobins
Molecules
Proteins Proteins proteins
[integral Protein] (IGs)

Collagen Myosin Hemoglobin Cadherius IgA



&
Elastin Kinesin Calicum- Integrin IgE


I
Keratin Dynein Binding Selectin
Activ (calbinin)
proteins
↳ Igin
Ig
Tublin IgD
DNA-Binding
Cele Get
Grantea




W↓
collagen




4
·




factors) ·
fibronectin

·
endonuclease
-
: cleare

PHOSPHODIESTER BOND
i
Collagen > Bone
-
, Cartilage, Vessel

is Elastin > connective tissue ,




7
Cartilage , ECM

= Keratin e-
intermediate fila ·
Myosin > muscle
- contraction,
hair, halls
cellular transport

Actinomcrofila⑦ O


Kinesin
Tublin
crotubul . -
/


cell transport , dirsion




.
Anterograde


Retrograde
-
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