NURS 5461 CV Disorders
Questions With Reliable Solutions
100% Pass
CLINICAL EFFECTS OF CV CHANGES - CORRECT ANSWER-• In healthy
older adults, age-related changes have modest clinically relevant effects on cardiac
hemodynamics and performance at rest • Resting heart rate, ejection fraction,
stroke volume, and cardiac output are well preserved even at very advanced age •
Ability to respond to increased demands associated with exercise or illness (either
cardiac or noncardiac) declines progressively with advancing age • Peak aerobic
capacity declines inexorably with age
• Four major risk factors for CVD: - CORRECT ANSWER-• Hypertension •
Diabetes mellitus • Dyslipidemia • Smoking
HYPERTENSION - CORRECT ANSWER-Systolic BP increase with age,
diastolic BP declines thereafter • Pulse pressure (the difference between systolic
and diastolic BP) increases with age,
, systolic hypertension dominant form of hypertension in older adults, especially
women • increased diastolic BP raises CVD risk independent of systolic BP,
particularly in men
DIABETES MELLITUS - CORRECT ANSWER-• Prevalence increases with age
at least up to age 80 • Approx. 50% of pts with diabetes in the US are ≥65 yr old •
As in younger patients, the impact of diabetes on CVD risk is greater in older
women than in older men • In the Framingham Heart Study, for example: • The
adjusted risk for incident CHD for older patients with diabetes was 2.1 in women
and 1.4 in men • The excess risk associated with diabetes was greater in both men
and women >65 yr old than in younger individuals
DYSLIPIDEMIA - CORRECT ANSWER-• The strength of the association
between total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol levels and incident CAD ↓ with age,
especially after age 80 • But low HDL cholesterol levels (<40 mg/dL in men, <50
mg/dL in women) and high ratios of total cholesterol to HDL cholesterol (≥5.5 in
men, ≥5 in women) remain independently associated with coronary events even
among people >80 yr old • Clinical trials have demonstrated benefits of statin
therapy in moderate-risk and high-risk patients up to 85 yr of age
SMOKING - CORRECT ANSWER-• Prevalence of smoking declines with age,
partly due to successful smoking cessation, partly due to premature deaths in
smokers • Among older smokers, smoking cessation is associated with substantial
reductions in CVD risk within 2−6 years relative to continued smoking • In most
COPYRIGHT ©️ 2025, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Questions With Reliable Solutions
100% Pass
CLINICAL EFFECTS OF CV CHANGES - CORRECT ANSWER-• In healthy
older adults, age-related changes have modest clinically relevant effects on cardiac
hemodynamics and performance at rest • Resting heart rate, ejection fraction,
stroke volume, and cardiac output are well preserved even at very advanced age •
Ability to respond to increased demands associated with exercise or illness (either
cardiac or noncardiac) declines progressively with advancing age • Peak aerobic
capacity declines inexorably with age
• Four major risk factors for CVD: - CORRECT ANSWER-• Hypertension •
Diabetes mellitus • Dyslipidemia • Smoking
HYPERTENSION - CORRECT ANSWER-Systolic BP increase with age,
diastolic BP declines thereafter • Pulse pressure (the difference between systolic
and diastolic BP) increases with age,
, systolic hypertension dominant form of hypertension in older adults, especially
women • increased diastolic BP raises CVD risk independent of systolic BP,
particularly in men
DIABETES MELLITUS - CORRECT ANSWER-• Prevalence increases with age
at least up to age 80 • Approx. 50% of pts with diabetes in the US are ≥65 yr old •
As in younger patients, the impact of diabetes on CVD risk is greater in older
women than in older men • In the Framingham Heart Study, for example: • The
adjusted risk for incident CHD for older patients with diabetes was 2.1 in women
and 1.4 in men • The excess risk associated with diabetes was greater in both men
and women >65 yr old than in younger individuals
DYSLIPIDEMIA - CORRECT ANSWER-• The strength of the association
between total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol levels and incident CAD ↓ with age,
especially after age 80 • But low HDL cholesterol levels (<40 mg/dL in men, <50
mg/dL in women) and high ratios of total cholesterol to HDL cholesterol (≥5.5 in
men, ≥5 in women) remain independently associated with coronary events even
among people >80 yr old • Clinical trials have demonstrated benefits of statin
therapy in moderate-risk and high-risk patients up to 85 yr of age
SMOKING - CORRECT ANSWER-• Prevalence of smoking declines with age,
partly due to successful smoking cessation, partly due to premature deaths in
smokers • Among older smokers, smoking cessation is associated with substantial
reductions in CVD risk within 2−6 years relative to continued smoking • In most
COPYRIGHT ©️ 2025, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
