NURSING PATHOPHYSIOLOGY: EXAM 3 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS. VERIFIED 2025/2026.

NURSING PATHOPHYSIOLOGY: EXAM 3
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS. VERIFIED
2025/2026.



Intercellular Fluid (ICF) - ANS fluid inside the cell



Extracellular Fluid (ECF) - ANS fluid outside the cells; includes intravascular and interstitial
fluids



Interstital fluid (ISF) - ANS fluid in the spaces between cells; part of ECF



Intravascular fluid (IVF) - ANS inside blood/plasma



Other fluids in the ECF - ANS lymph, synovial, intestinal, CSF, sweat, urine, pleural, peritoneal,
pericardial, and intraocular fluids



Total Body Water - ANS 42L; 60% of body weight



1 liter of water = ________ lbs - ANS 2.2



Fluid comprises (makes up) ______% of total body weight (TBW). Rest of the weight is from
__________, ______________, __________, etc. - ANS 60

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,adipose, muscles, bones



The body is able to compensate changes in the body and remain relatively balanced of
____________ and ________. - ANS solutes; fluid



Rest of the body weight includes ______ and ____-______ solids. - ANS fat; fat-free



(adipose, muscles, bones, tendons, etc.)



In pediatrics, fluid makes up ______-______% of body weight. - ANS 75-80



Aging - ANS Decreased percent of total body water



- Increase overall adipose tissue but

decreases in "free" fat mass

- decrease muscle mass

- Renal decline

- Diminish thirst perception

- Decrease cognition



The distribution and the amount of TBW of fluids changes with ______ and changes to the
__________. - ANS age; body



Dehydration - ANS Sign/symptoms: (fluid loss)




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,increased thirst

decreased urine output/dark urine

decreased body weight

decreased skin turgor

dry mucous membranes

increased heart rate

decreased BP

irritability



Osmolality - ANS Concentration of solutes.



Oncotic Force - ANS "Pulls" water from one area to another.



Pressure exerted across the membrane to cause water.



Osmosis - ANS Attraction of water from lower concentration to higher concentration.



Hydrostatic Force - ANS "Pushes" the water from one area to another.



Diffusion - ANS Flow of water from higher pressure gradient to lower pressure gradient.



Movement - ANS pulls water from one area to another.



Sodium (Na+) - ANS Controls extracellular osmotic balance.




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, Potassium (K+) - ANS Controls intracellular osmotic balance.



Osmotic Forces - ANS is water movement between the ICF and ECF compartments and are
primarily exerted across the capillary membrane by proteins.



Oncotic Pressure - ANS movement of water through osmosis (low solute to high solute
concentration) by "pulling" or "attracting" fluid to the higher solute environment.



Starling's Hypothesis - ANS Net filtration = forces that favor filtration minus forces opposing
filtration.



Protein (albumin) along with Na+ are.... - ANS major sources of water balance between ICF
and ECF



Capillary Oncotic Pressure - ANS Attracts (pulls) fluid from IS into capillary.



(One of four Starling's forces)



Interstitial Oncotic Pressure - ANS Attracts (pulls) fluid from capillary into IS.



(One of four Starling's forces)



Hydrostatic Pressure - ANS the movement of water from one area to another area due to
amount of "water pressure" in that it "pushes" or "assists", "facilitates" the water across the
membrane from high to lower pressure.



Capillary Hydrostatic Pressure - ANS "Pushes" fluid from capillary to the IS.


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