NR507 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS. VERIFIED 2025/2026.
Increase water consumption - ANS Which of the following can help to prevent a UTI?
Pregnancy - ANS Which of the following is a risk factor for the development of a UTI?
True - ANS Women are higher risk for the development of a UTI because of having a shorter
urethra.
Urgency - ANS A symptom of a lower urinary tract infection includes:
Can be caused by a structural urinary tract disorder - ANS Which of the following is true
regarding a complicated UTI?
cystitis - ANS Urinary burning and frequency X 3 days. No STDs. No vaginal discharge.
Recently had sex with partner. Urinalysis shows leukocytes, RBCs, nitrites, and WBCs. No casts.
Based on this patient is diagnosed with:
pyelonephritis - ANS Involves upper tract
Flank pain, abdominal tenderness, fever
1 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
,pyelonephritis diagnosis - ANS urinalysis positive urine culture with significant bacturia,
presence of pyuria, and WBC cast
Nucleation - ANS Crystals act as nucleation sites, where further crystal deposition can occur.
Staphylococcus saprophyticus - ANS A common organism that causes a UTI include:
The UTI responds well to a short course of antibiotic therapy. - ANS The NP would know that
the patient most likely has an uncomplicated UTI because:
True - ANS The urinalysis of a patient with a complicated UTI will show WBCs and casts
Nitrites - ANS Upon examination of a urinalysis, the NP can highly suspect that the causative
bacteria are gram negative because of the presence of:
Calcium stone - ANS most common type of kidney stone
CT scan - ANS Gold standard for diagnosing kidney stone
Struvite stone - ANS type of stone that forms due to urinary tract infections:
True - ANS Renal stones are formed when calcium and oxalate in the urine combine.
renal calculi (kidney stones) - ANS Are found in the ureter or the bladder
2 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
,Renal Calculi Pathophysiology - ANS Supersaturation: urine becomes over saturated with
certain substances like calcium.
Nucleation: crystals act as Nucleation sites where further crystal deposition can occur
Crystal retention: urinary stasis or inadequate flow allows crystals to remain in urinary tract
Stone growth & composition: overtime, crystals accumulate and grow into stones.
Adequate hydration
A balanced diet - ANS Recommendations for kidney stone
The stone injures the urinary structures as it passes through them - ANS Hematuria can be
seen with kidney stones because:
Uric acid stone - ANS The most common stone found in the patient with gout:
True - ANS Renal colic is caused by the passing of stone through the ureter
True - ANS At least half of individuals with renal stones will have a reoccurrence within 10
years of the prior stone.
Renal Calculi Signs/Symptoms - ANS Flank or abdominal pain, costovertebral (CVA) angle
tenderness, hematuria
Treatment for renal stone - ANS Conservative <5 mm stone
Medical management: thiazide diuretics (Calcium stone) or allopurinol (uric acid stone)
Overall goals:
Pain management
Promote passage of stone
3 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
, Reduce size of stone
Prevent new stone formation
Lithotripsy - ANS noninvasive procedure to crush a stone > 5mm
True - ANS One of the major markers for glomerular filtration rate is creatinine.
Patho for pre-renal failure - ANS There is decreased blood flow to the glomerulus
Results in decreased GFR
Decreased GFR leads to decreased renal blood flow
First response to decreased GFR is activation of the renin- angiotensin aldosterone system
Pre-renal failure - ANS The most common cause of acute renal failure is due to:
Activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system - ANS One of the first
pathophysiological responses to decreased GFR is:
Hypotension - ANS A pre-renal cause of acute renal failure is:
Creatinine gets freely filtered from the glomerulus - ANS Which of the following is true
regarding creatinine?
True - ANS In post-renal failure, the damage occurs in the collecting duct.
The kidneys respond to furosemide - ANS Which of the following is the best indicator of good
prognosis for recovery from acute renal failure?
4 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
ANSWERS. VERIFIED 2025/2026.
Increase water consumption - ANS Which of the following can help to prevent a UTI?
Pregnancy - ANS Which of the following is a risk factor for the development of a UTI?
True - ANS Women are higher risk for the development of a UTI because of having a shorter
urethra.
Urgency - ANS A symptom of a lower urinary tract infection includes:
Can be caused by a structural urinary tract disorder - ANS Which of the following is true
regarding a complicated UTI?
cystitis - ANS Urinary burning and frequency X 3 days. No STDs. No vaginal discharge.
Recently had sex with partner. Urinalysis shows leukocytes, RBCs, nitrites, and WBCs. No casts.
Based on this patient is diagnosed with:
pyelonephritis - ANS Involves upper tract
Flank pain, abdominal tenderness, fever
1 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
,pyelonephritis diagnosis - ANS urinalysis positive urine culture with significant bacturia,
presence of pyuria, and WBC cast
Nucleation - ANS Crystals act as nucleation sites, where further crystal deposition can occur.
Staphylococcus saprophyticus - ANS A common organism that causes a UTI include:
The UTI responds well to a short course of antibiotic therapy. - ANS The NP would know that
the patient most likely has an uncomplicated UTI because:
True - ANS The urinalysis of a patient with a complicated UTI will show WBCs and casts
Nitrites - ANS Upon examination of a urinalysis, the NP can highly suspect that the causative
bacteria are gram negative because of the presence of:
Calcium stone - ANS most common type of kidney stone
CT scan - ANS Gold standard for diagnosing kidney stone
Struvite stone - ANS type of stone that forms due to urinary tract infections:
True - ANS Renal stones are formed when calcium and oxalate in the urine combine.
renal calculi (kidney stones) - ANS Are found in the ureter or the bladder
2 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
,Renal Calculi Pathophysiology - ANS Supersaturation: urine becomes over saturated with
certain substances like calcium.
Nucleation: crystals act as Nucleation sites where further crystal deposition can occur
Crystal retention: urinary stasis or inadequate flow allows crystals to remain in urinary tract
Stone growth & composition: overtime, crystals accumulate and grow into stones.
Adequate hydration
A balanced diet - ANS Recommendations for kidney stone
The stone injures the urinary structures as it passes through them - ANS Hematuria can be
seen with kidney stones because:
Uric acid stone - ANS The most common stone found in the patient with gout:
True - ANS Renal colic is caused by the passing of stone through the ureter
True - ANS At least half of individuals with renal stones will have a reoccurrence within 10
years of the prior stone.
Renal Calculi Signs/Symptoms - ANS Flank or abdominal pain, costovertebral (CVA) angle
tenderness, hematuria
Treatment for renal stone - ANS Conservative <5 mm stone
Medical management: thiazide diuretics (Calcium stone) or allopurinol (uric acid stone)
Overall goals:
Pain management
Promote passage of stone
3 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
, Reduce size of stone
Prevent new stone formation
Lithotripsy - ANS noninvasive procedure to crush a stone > 5mm
True - ANS One of the major markers for glomerular filtration rate is creatinine.
Patho for pre-renal failure - ANS There is decreased blood flow to the glomerulus
Results in decreased GFR
Decreased GFR leads to decreased renal blood flow
First response to decreased GFR is activation of the renin- angiotensin aldosterone system
Pre-renal failure - ANS The most common cause of acute renal failure is due to:
Activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system - ANS One of the first
pathophysiological responses to decreased GFR is:
Hypotension - ANS A pre-renal cause of acute renal failure is:
Creatinine gets freely filtered from the glomerulus - ANS Which of the following is true
regarding creatinine?
True - ANS In post-renal failure, the damage occurs in the collecting duct.
The kidneys respond to furosemide - ANS Which of the following is the best indicator of good
prognosis for recovery from acute renal failure?
4 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
