NSG 456
Research Outcomes Management
Proctored Final Exam Review
(With Solutions)
2026
1
,MULTIPLE CHOICE
A nurse evaluates the effectiveness of a new falls prevention protocol
by comparing fall rates before and after implementation. What type of
outcome is primarily being measured?
a) Process outcome
b) Patient-reported outcome
c) Clinical outcome
d) Economic outcome Answer: c) Clinical outcome Rationale: Fall
rate is a direct clinical measure of patient safety.
Which statistical method is most appropriate for determining if
there’s a significant difference between pre- and post-intervention
infection rates on a unit?
a) Chi-square test
b) Pearson Correlation
c) Paired t-test
d) ANOVA Answer: c) Paired t-test Rationale: Paired t-test compares
means in pre- and post-scenarios for the same group.
What type of bias might occur if nurses only report positive patient
outcomes?
a) Selection bias
b) Reporting bias
c) Recall bias
d) Performance bias Answer: b) Reporting bias Rationale: Selective
reporting of data skews true outcome assessment.
In outcomes management, benchmarking refers to:
a) Recording all adverse events
b) Comparing outcomes to national or best-practice standards
c) Calculating cost-effectiveness
2
, d) Reviewing individual nurse performance Answer: b) Comparing
outcomes to national or best-practice standards Rationale:
Benchmarking identifies gaps relative to established best outcomes.
A nurse researcher collects patient satisfaction scores monthly after
implementing a new teaching protocol. What is the dependent
variable?
a) The teaching protocol
b) Patient satisfaction scores
c) Length of stay
d) Unit cost Answer: b) Patient satisfaction scores Rationale: This
variable changes in response to the intervention.
A nurse wants to ensure that pain score documentation is consistent
among staff. Which strategy addresses this need?
a) Increase sample size
b) Data triangulation
c) Reliability testing
d) Double-blinding Answer: c) Reliability testing Rationale: Ensures
consistency of measurement among observers.
Patient-reported outcomes are especially important when evaluating
interventions for:
a) Antibiotic stewardship
b) Postoperative pain management
c) Catheter insertion technique
d) Hand hygiene compliance Answer: b) Postoperative pain
management Rationale: Pain is best assessed by the patient’s own
report.
Which of the following best describes “effect size” in research
outcomes?
a) Probability the outcome is due to chance
3
Research Outcomes Management
Proctored Final Exam Review
(With Solutions)
2026
1
,MULTIPLE CHOICE
A nurse evaluates the effectiveness of a new falls prevention protocol
by comparing fall rates before and after implementation. What type of
outcome is primarily being measured?
a) Process outcome
b) Patient-reported outcome
c) Clinical outcome
d) Economic outcome Answer: c) Clinical outcome Rationale: Fall
rate is a direct clinical measure of patient safety.
Which statistical method is most appropriate for determining if
there’s a significant difference between pre- and post-intervention
infection rates on a unit?
a) Chi-square test
b) Pearson Correlation
c) Paired t-test
d) ANOVA Answer: c) Paired t-test Rationale: Paired t-test compares
means in pre- and post-scenarios for the same group.
What type of bias might occur if nurses only report positive patient
outcomes?
a) Selection bias
b) Reporting bias
c) Recall bias
d) Performance bias Answer: b) Reporting bias Rationale: Selective
reporting of data skews true outcome assessment.
In outcomes management, benchmarking refers to:
a) Recording all adverse events
b) Comparing outcomes to national or best-practice standards
c) Calculating cost-effectiveness
2
, d) Reviewing individual nurse performance Answer: b) Comparing
outcomes to national or best-practice standards Rationale:
Benchmarking identifies gaps relative to established best outcomes.
A nurse researcher collects patient satisfaction scores monthly after
implementing a new teaching protocol. What is the dependent
variable?
a) The teaching protocol
b) Patient satisfaction scores
c) Length of stay
d) Unit cost Answer: b) Patient satisfaction scores Rationale: This
variable changes in response to the intervention.
A nurse wants to ensure that pain score documentation is consistent
among staff. Which strategy addresses this need?
a) Increase sample size
b) Data triangulation
c) Reliability testing
d) Double-blinding Answer: c) Reliability testing Rationale: Ensures
consistency of measurement among observers.
Patient-reported outcomes are especially important when evaluating
interventions for:
a) Antibiotic stewardship
b) Postoperative pain management
c) Catheter insertion technique
d) Hand hygiene compliance Answer: b) Postoperative pain
management Rationale: Pain is best assessed by the patient’s own
report.
Which of the following best describes “effect size” in research
outcomes?
a) Probability the outcome is due to chance
3
