CHAPTER 11 MICROBIOLOGY
OPENSTAX EXAM QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS. VERIFIED 2025/2026.
What are two essential functions of DNA - ANS >>Genetic material responsible for
inheritance and is passed from parent to offspring for all life on Earth. A genomecontains the
full complement of DNA within a cell and is organized into smaller, discrete units called
genesthat are arranged on chromosomesand plasmids.
>>DNA also directs and regulates translationof proteins necessary to a cell for growth and
reproduction.
Gene expression - ANS A process which includes both transcription and translation, the
synthesis of a specific protein with a sequence of amino acids that is encoded in the gene.
Central Dogma - ANS The flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA to protein
Genotype - ANS A cell's full collection of genes it contains.
Phenotype - ANS >>The set of observable characteristics that result from the genotype
>>Phenotype is determined by the specific genes within a genotype that are expressed under
specific conditions. Although multiple cells may have the same genotype, they may exhibit a
wide range of phenotypes resulting from differences in patterns of gene expression in response
to different environmental conditions.
1 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
, Three theories on DNA replication from parent to offspring - ANS Conservative
Semi-Concervative
Dispersive
Conservative - ANS The parental DNA strands remain together, and the newly formed
daughter strands are together
Semi-conservative - ANS Each of the two parental DNA strands act as a template for new DNA
to be synthesized; after replication, each double-stranded DNA is composed of one old
(parental) strand and one newstrand.
Dispersive - ANS Both copies of DNA have double-stranded segments of parental DNA and
newly synthesized DNA interspersed.
Meselson and Stahl study - ANS Grew E. coli for several generations and used a N isotope to
demonstrate where new DNA was found.
Study showed that DNA replication occurs in a semi-conservative fashion
>>
guanosine triphosphate deoxyribonucleotide (GTP) - ANS is incorporated into a growing DNA
strand by cleaving the two end phosphate groups from the molecule and transferring the
energy to the sugar phosphate bond. The other three nucleotides form analogous structures.
Three main stages of DNA Replication - ANS Initiation
Elongation
Termination
2 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
OPENSTAX EXAM QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS. VERIFIED 2025/2026.
What are two essential functions of DNA - ANS >>Genetic material responsible for
inheritance and is passed from parent to offspring for all life on Earth. A genomecontains the
full complement of DNA within a cell and is organized into smaller, discrete units called
genesthat are arranged on chromosomesand plasmids.
>>DNA also directs and regulates translationof proteins necessary to a cell for growth and
reproduction.
Gene expression - ANS A process which includes both transcription and translation, the
synthesis of a specific protein with a sequence of amino acids that is encoded in the gene.
Central Dogma - ANS The flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA to protein
Genotype - ANS A cell's full collection of genes it contains.
Phenotype - ANS >>The set of observable characteristics that result from the genotype
>>Phenotype is determined by the specific genes within a genotype that are expressed under
specific conditions. Although multiple cells may have the same genotype, they may exhibit a
wide range of phenotypes resulting from differences in patterns of gene expression in response
to different environmental conditions.
1 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
, Three theories on DNA replication from parent to offspring - ANS Conservative
Semi-Concervative
Dispersive
Conservative - ANS The parental DNA strands remain together, and the newly formed
daughter strands are together
Semi-conservative - ANS Each of the two parental DNA strands act as a template for new DNA
to be synthesized; after replication, each double-stranded DNA is composed of one old
(parental) strand and one newstrand.
Dispersive - ANS Both copies of DNA have double-stranded segments of parental DNA and
newly synthesized DNA interspersed.
Meselson and Stahl study - ANS Grew E. coli for several generations and used a N isotope to
demonstrate where new DNA was found.
Study showed that DNA replication occurs in a semi-conservative fashion
>>
guanosine triphosphate deoxyribonucleotide (GTP) - ANS is incorporated into a growing DNA
strand by cleaving the two end phosphate groups from the molecule and transferring the
energy to the sugar phosphate bond. The other three nucleotides form analogous structures.
Three main stages of DNA Replication - ANS Initiation
Elongation
Termination
2 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
