PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM 4 NEWEST QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
ANSWERS (VERIFIED ANSWERS) | A+ GRADE
Define renal failure - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔-75% of the nephron total
mass is gone
How many nephrons are in each kidney? - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔-Close to
1 million per kidney
What is the "All Nephrons Diseased" hypothesis? - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔-
When some kind of insult happens to the kidney, all nephrons are
injured to some degree b/c they are vulnerable and delicate.
How much urea do we excrete? - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔-99%
What tests are administered to guage kidney function? -
✔✔ANSWER✔✔-BUN (blood, urea, nitrogen)
OR creatinine levels
What is the "Intact Nephron" hypothesis? - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔-
Nephrons are vulnerable, however; when something happens to a
nephron it is all or nothing - it is either destroyed or unaffected and
intact.
,How does the kidney respond to an insult of nephrons? -
✔✔ANSWER✔✔-We sometimes find that intact nephrons
hypertrophy to help take up the slack.
What common condition is seen when we lose too many nephrons? -
✔✔ANSWER✔✔-Uremia
What is Uremia? - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔-Retention of nitrogenous
containing substances in the blood.
What is our most severe symptom of renal failure? -
✔✔ANSWER✔✔-Glomerulus filtration defecit
Explain Glomerulus Filtration Rate (GFR) - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔-GFR is
the amount of plasma that is filtered through your glomerulus per
minute. Your body should filter your entire blood volume through
your kidneys every 20 minutes.
What can also affect GFR? - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔-Infections,
inflammatory diseases, hyper/hypotension, SLE, diabetes and toxic
substances
What are causative organisms for UTI? - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔-80% E. coli
10% proteus
90% caused by gram negative rods
, What is the treatment for UTI? - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔-Since 90% are
caused by gram negative rods, we will not culture it, but prescribe an
antibiotic which targets these organsisms. If UTI is recurring, we will
culture it.
What population is most likely to get a UTI and why? -
✔✔ANSWER✔✔-Females are most likely due to their short urethra.
Why are pregnant women especially prone to getting UTI's? -
✔✔ANSWER✔✔-As pregnancy progresses, your estrogen and
progestin levels increase. Progestin relaxes smooth muscle which
surround your urethra. Your urethra gets bigger and is more
commonly infected since it is easier to infect a large tube than a
small tube.
What is "Nature's Way" of protecting us from UTI's? -
✔✔ANSWER✔✔-Peeing. Everytime you pee you flush out the
urethra which is why we don't get them all the time.
What is urethritis? - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔-An inflammatory process of
the urethra without concurrent bladder infection. This is usually, but
not always. caused by an STD.
What is cystitis? - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔-Infection of the bladder, results
mucosal inflammation and congestion. This causes detrusor muscle
hyperactivity and a resulting decrease of bladder capacity. If it goes
ANSWERS (VERIFIED ANSWERS) | A+ GRADE
Define renal failure - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔-75% of the nephron total
mass is gone
How many nephrons are in each kidney? - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔-Close to
1 million per kidney
What is the "All Nephrons Diseased" hypothesis? - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔-
When some kind of insult happens to the kidney, all nephrons are
injured to some degree b/c they are vulnerable and delicate.
How much urea do we excrete? - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔-99%
What tests are administered to guage kidney function? -
✔✔ANSWER✔✔-BUN (blood, urea, nitrogen)
OR creatinine levels
What is the "Intact Nephron" hypothesis? - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔-
Nephrons are vulnerable, however; when something happens to a
nephron it is all or nothing - it is either destroyed or unaffected and
intact.
,How does the kidney respond to an insult of nephrons? -
✔✔ANSWER✔✔-We sometimes find that intact nephrons
hypertrophy to help take up the slack.
What common condition is seen when we lose too many nephrons? -
✔✔ANSWER✔✔-Uremia
What is Uremia? - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔-Retention of nitrogenous
containing substances in the blood.
What is our most severe symptom of renal failure? -
✔✔ANSWER✔✔-Glomerulus filtration defecit
Explain Glomerulus Filtration Rate (GFR) - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔-GFR is
the amount of plasma that is filtered through your glomerulus per
minute. Your body should filter your entire blood volume through
your kidneys every 20 minutes.
What can also affect GFR? - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔-Infections,
inflammatory diseases, hyper/hypotension, SLE, diabetes and toxic
substances
What are causative organisms for UTI? - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔-80% E. coli
10% proteus
90% caused by gram negative rods
, What is the treatment for UTI? - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔-Since 90% are
caused by gram negative rods, we will not culture it, but prescribe an
antibiotic which targets these organsisms. If UTI is recurring, we will
culture it.
What population is most likely to get a UTI and why? -
✔✔ANSWER✔✔-Females are most likely due to their short urethra.
Why are pregnant women especially prone to getting UTI's? -
✔✔ANSWER✔✔-As pregnancy progresses, your estrogen and
progestin levels increase. Progestin relaxes smooth muscle which
surround your urethra. Your urethra gets bigger and is more
commonly infected since it is easier to infect a large tube than a
small tube.
What is "Nature's Way" of protecting us from UTI's? -
✔✔ANSWER✔✔-Peeing. Everytime you pee you flush out the
urethra which is why we don't get them all the time.
What is urethritis? - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔-An inflammatory process of
the urethra without concurrent bladder infection. This is usually, but
not always. caused by an STD.
What is cystitis? - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔-Infection of the bladder, results
mucosal inflammation and congestion. This causes detrusor muscle
hyperactivity and a resulting decrease of bladder capacity. If it goes
