FTCE ESOL K-12 questions and answers
2025\2026 A+ Grade
Universal Grammar
- correct answer Chomsky-no dialect or language is more complex or sophisticated than the other. We
are all born with the capacity to learn any language w/o formal instruction
LAD
- correct answer Language Aquisition Device
Generative Grammar
- correct answer set of rules that could be used to produce language
Deep Structure
- correct answer our ideas, what we mean-derive meaning from social context
Surface Structure
- correct answer what we say or write-literal meaning of words
Natural Order Hypothesis
- correct answer Krashen- grammatical structures aquired in a predictable order, independent of the
order grammar is taught
Stages of SLA
- correct answer Krashen-Pre-production (silent period), early production, speech emergence,
intermediate fluency, advanced fluency
Input Hypothesis/Comprehensible Input
- correct answer Krashen-i+1, language input slightly above current level yields optimal growth
,Affective Filter
- correct answer Krashen-mental block can be produced by negative factors such as anxiety, low
motivation, self confidence
Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)
- correct answer Vygotsky-distance between developmental level and level of potential development.
Area between independent performance and assisted performance
Communicative Competence
- correct answer learner's abiity to apply and use grammatical uses, form correct utterances and know
how and when to use them appropriately. The ability to communicate effectively and to vary
communication styles appropriately in various contexts. Social and pragmatic competence.
Language Interference
- correct answer effect of L1 on production of L2
Negative Transfer
- correct answer interference of previous learning inprocess of learning something new
Interlanguage
- correct answer language system "inbetween" L1 & L2 that student develops while learning the L2 but is
neither L1 or L2
SUP
- correct answer Social underlying proficiency (conversational language)
CUP
- correct answer Common underlying proficiency - commonalities between L1 & L2, skills, ideas,
concepts that students learn in L1 transfer to L2
BICS
- correct answer Cummins-Basic Interpersonal Communication Skills - social setting language skills
, CALP
- correct answer Cummins-Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency - languatge needed to acquire
academic skills and concepts
Cummins Quadrant
- correct answer A-cognitively undemanding/context embedded; B-cognitively demanding/context
embedded; C-cognitively undemanding/context reduced; D-cognitively demanding/context reduced
Phoneme
- correct answer class of speech sounds, ie. /t/ are the smallest unit o sound that affects meaning.
Monothong
- correct answer one part vowel
Reduced Vowel
- correct answer occurs in unstressed word or syllable -schwa most common
Phonology
- correct answer organization of speech sounds
Homophone
- correct answer two words pronounced the same but different meaning & spelling, ie. carrot & carat
Homonym
- correct answer two words spelled the same & sound the same, but that mean different things, ie. left
& left
Contrastive
- correct answer change of meaning by replacing one sound (phoneme) with another
Non-Contrastive
- correct answer change in sound (phoneme) does not change the meaning
2025\2026 A+ Grade
Universal Grammar
- correct answer Chomsky-no dialect or language is more complex or sophisticated than the other. We
are all born with the capacity to learn any language w/o formal instruction
LAD
- correct answer Language Aquisition Device
Generative Grammar
- correct answer set of rules that could be used to produce language
Deep Structure
- correct answer our ideas, what we mean-derive meaning from social context
Surface Structure
- correct answer what we say or write-literal meaning of words
Natural Order Hypothesis
- correct answer Krashen- grammatical structures aquired in a predictable order, independent of the
order grammar is taught
Stages of SLA
- correct answer Krashen-Pre-production (silent period), early production, speech emergence,
intermediate fluency, advanced fluency
Input Hypothesis/Comprehensible Input
- correct answer Krashen-i+1, language input slightly above current level yields optimal growth
,Affective Filter
- correct answer Krashen-mental block can be produced by negative factors such as anxiety, low
motivation, self confidence
Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)
- correct answer Vygotsky-distance between developmental level and level of potential development.
Area between independent performance and assisted performance
Communicative Competence
- correct answer learner's abiity to apply and use grammatical uses, form correct utterances and know
how and when to use them appropriately. The ability to communicate effectively and to vary
communication styles appropriately in various contexts. Social and pragmatic competence.
Language Interference
- correct answer effect of L1 on production of L2
Negative Transfer
- correct answer interference of previous learning inprocess of learning something new
Interlanguage
- correct answer language system "inbetween" L1 & L2 that student develops while learning the L2 but is
neither L1 or L2
SUP
- correct answer Social underlying proficiency (conversational language)
CUP
- correct answer Common underlying proficiency - commonalities between L1 & L2, skills, ideas,
concepts that students learn in L1 transfer to L2
BICS
- correct answer Cummins-Basic Interpersonal Communication Skills - social setting language skills
, CALP
- correct answer Cummins-Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency - languatge needed to acquire
academic skills and concepts
Cummins Quadrant
- correct answer A-cognitively undemanding/context embedded; B-cognitively demanding/context
embedded; C-cognitively undemanding/context reduced; D-cognitively demanding/context reduced
Phoneme
- correct answer class of speech sounds, ie. /t/ are the smallest unit o sound that affects meaning.
Monothong
- correct answer one part vowel
Reduced Vowel
- correct answer occurs in unstressed word or syllable -schwa most common
Phonology
- correct answer organization of speech sounds
Homophone
- correct answer two words pronounced the same but different meaning & spelling, ie. carrot & carat
Homonym
- correct answer two words spelled the same & sound the same, but that mean different things, ie. left
& left
Contrastive
- correct answer change of meaning by replacing one sound (phoneme) with another
Non-Contrastive
- correct answer change in sound (phoneme) does not change the meaning
