UNL Psychology 181 Exam 3 Actual
Questions and Answers
Discrimination - ANSWER-the learned ability to only respond to a specific stimuli,
preventing generalization.
Thorndike's law of effect - ANSWER-behaviors followed by favorable consequences
become more likely, and behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less
likely.
Shaping - ANSWER-guiding a creature toward the behavior by reward behavior that
comes closer and closer to the desired behavior
Continuous reinforcement - ANSWER-(giving a reward after the target every single
time), the subject acquires the desired behavior quickly.
In partial/intermittent reinforcement - ANSWER-(giving rewards part of the time), the
target behavior takes longer to be acquired/established but persists longer without
reward
Classical Conditioning - ANSWER-learning to link two stimuli in a way that helps us
anticipate an event to which we have a reaction
Operant Conditioning - ANSWER-changing behavior choices in response to
consequences
Cognitive Learning - ANSWER-acquiring new behaviors and information through
observation and information, rather than by direct experience
Neutral stimulus - ANSWER-a stimulus which does not trigger a response
Unconditioned stimulus and response - ANSWER-a stimulus which triggers a response
naturally,
before/without any conditioning
After Conditioning - ANSWER-neutral stimulus becomes conditioned stimulus (UR
becomes CR and NS becomes CS)
Acquisition - ANSWER-The initial stage of learning/conditioning
Skinner Box - ANSWER-teaching a subject animal to perform certain actions (like
pressing a lever) in response to specific stimuli, such as a light or sound signal. When
the subject correctly performs the behavior, the chamber mechanism delivers food or
another reward.
, Positive Punishment - ANSWER-"You're playing video games instead of practicing the
piano, so I am justified in YELLING at you."
Negative Punishment - ANSWER-"You're avoiding practicing, so I'm turning off your
game."
Negative Reinforcement - ANSWER-"I will stop staring at you and bugging you as soon
as I see that you are practicing."
Positive Reinforcement - ANSWER-"After you practice, we'll play a game!"
Albert Bandura's Bobo Doll Experiment - ANSWER-Kids saw adults punching an
inflated doll while narrating their aggressive behaviors such as "kick him." These kids
were then put in a toy-deprived situation... and acted out the same behaviors they had
seen. (observational conditioning)
Prosocial behavior - ANSWER-actions which benefit others, contribute value to groups,
and follow moral codes and social norms
antisocial behavior - ANSWER-actions that are harmful to individuals and society
This violence-viewing effect - ANSWER-imitation, and also by desensitization toward
pain in others.
Recall - ANSWER-"fill-in-the-blanks." You retrieve information previously learned and
unconsciously stored. Measure retention
Recognition - ANSWER-"multiple choice." You identify which stimuli match your stored
information.
Relearning - ANSWER-a measure of how much less work it takes you to learn
information you had studied before, even if you don't recall having seen the information
before.
Encoding - ANSWER-the information gets into our brains in a way that allows it to be
stored
Storage - ANSWER-the information is held in a way that allows it to later be retrieved
Retrieval - ANSWER-reactivating and recalling the information, producing it in a form
similar to what was encoded
The Atkinson-Shiffrin Model (1968) - ANSWER-Stimuli are recorded by our senses and
held briefly in sensory memory. Some of this information is processed into short-term
Questions and Answers
Discrimination - ANSWER-the learned ability to only respond to a specific stimuli,
preventing generalization.
Thorndike's law of effect - ANSWER-behaviors followed by favorable consequences
become more likely, and behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less
likely.
Shaping - ANSWER-guiding a creature toward the behavior by reward behavior that
comes closer and closer to the desired behavior
Continuous reinforcement - ANSWER-(giving a reward after the target every single
time), the subject acquires the desired behavior quickly.
In partial/intermittent reinforcement - ANSWER-(giving rewards part of the time), the
target behavior takes longer to be acquired/established but persists longer without
reward
Classical Conditioning - ANSWER-learning to link two stimuli in a way that helps us
anticipate an event to which we have a reaction
Operant Conditioning - ANSWER-changing behavior choices in response to
consequences
Cognitive Learning - ANSWER-acquiring new behaviors and information through
observation and information, rather than by direct experience
Neutral stimulus - ANSWER-a stimulus which does not trigger a response
Unconditioned stimulus and response - ANSWER-a stimulus which triggers a response
naturally,
before/without any conditioning
After Conditioning - ANSWER-neutral stimulus becomes conditioned stimulus (UR
becomes CR and NS becomes CS)
Acquisition - ANSWER-The initial stage of learning/conditioning
Skinner Box - ANSWER-teaching a subject animal to perform certain actions (like
pressing a lever) in response to specific stimuli, such as a light or sound signal. When
the subject correctly performs the behavior, the chamber mechanism delivers food or
another reward.
, Positive Punishment - ANSWER-"You're playing video games instead of practicing the
piano, so I am justified in YELLING at you."
Negative Punishment - ANSWER-"You're avoiding practicing, so I'm turning off your
game."
Negative Reinforcement - ANSWER-"I will stop staring at you and bugging you as soon
as I see that you are practicing."
Positive Reinforcement - ANSWER-"After you practice, we'll play a game!"
Albert Bandura's Bobo Doll Experiment - ANSWER-Kids saw adults punching an
inflated doll while narrating their aggressive behaviors such as "kick him." These kids
were then put in a toy-deprived situation... and acted out the same behaviors they had
seen. (observational conditioning)
Prosocial behavior - ANSWER-actions which benefit others, contribute value to groups,
and follow moral codes and social norms
antisocial behavior - ANSWER-actions that are harmful to individuals and society
This violence-viewing effect - ANSWER-imitation, and also by desensitization toward
pain in others.
Recall - ANSWER-"fill-in-the-blanks." You retrieve information previously learned and
unconsciously stored. Measure retention
Recognition - ANSWER-"multiple choice." You identify which stimuli match your stored
information.
Relearning - ANSWER-a measure of how much less work it takes you to learn
information you had studied before, even if you don't recall having seen the information
before.
Encoding - ANSWER-the information gets into our brains in a way that allows it to be
stored
Storage - ANSWER-the information is held in a way that allows it to later be retrieved
Retrieval - ANSWER-reactivating and recalling the information, producing it in a form
similar to what was encoded
The Atkinson-Shiffrin Model (1968) - ANSWER-Stimuli are recorded by our senses and
held briefly in sensory memory. Some of this information is processed into short-term
