Type I diabetes
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Autoimmune: Immune system destroys the cells that make insulin.
- Diagnosed before age 30; 5-10% of diagnosed cases of diabetes.
- Genetics, viral infections, toxin exposure, abnormalities in immune system.
Acetyl CoA formation
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Mitochondria
Aerobic
Forms
, -2 acetyl coa
-CO2
-Electrons
Role of insulin
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Released in response to a high carbohydrate meal.
- Insulin facilitates the uptake and storage of glucose into the muscle, liver,
and fat-storing cells.
Allergen
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Any substance that causes an allergic reaction
- Human body recognizes allergen as a harmful, foreign substance
Purpose of alternative sweeteners
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Sugar substitutes, introduced to curb consumption of sweets.
-Not considered carbohydrates, and they provide little or no energy.
Products generated by bacteria in the LI
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- Vitamin K
- B vitamins
- Short chain fatty acids
System that absorbs carbs
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Glucose, fructose, and galactose travel to the liver via the hepatic portal
vein.
Galactose and fructose are metabolized for energy.
Glucose is stored as glycogen in the liver or released into the blood.
5 steps of carb digestion
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, Mouth: salivary amylase
Stomach: salivary amylase
Pancreas
Small Intestine
-Maltase Enzyme: breaks maltose (2 glucose)
-Sucrase Enzyme: breaks sucrose (1 glucose, 1 fructose)
-Lactase Enzyme: breaks lactose (1 galactose, 1 glucose)
Large intestine
Lactose intolerance
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Lactase available in minimal amounts
- Undigested lactose to LI
- Draws in water
- Metabolized by bacteria producing acids and gas
Decline in enzyme activity with age; infections/diseases.
Affects between 30 - 50 million adults
- Asian, African, Native Americans, and Mediterranean populations
Function of stomach
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Give this one a try later!
Autoimmune: Immune system destroys the cells that make insulin.
- Diagnosed before age 30; 5-10% of diagnosed cases of diabetes.
- Genetics, viral infections, toxin exposure, abnormalities in immune system.
Acetyl CoA formation
Give this one a try later!
Mitochondria
Aerobic
Forms
, -2 acetyl coa
-CO2
-Electrons
Role of insulin
Give this one a try later!
Released in response to a high carbohydrate meal.
- Insulin facilitates the uptake and storage of glucose into the muscle, liver,
and fat-storing cells.
Allergen
Give this one a try later!
Any substance that causes an allergic reaction
- Human body recognizes allergen as a harmful, foreign substance
Purpose of alternative sweeteners
Give this one a try later!
Sugar substitutes, introduced to curb consumption of sweets.
-Not considered carbohydrates, and they provide little or no energy.
Products generated by bacteria in the LI
,Give this one a try later!
- Vitamin K
- B vitamins
- Short chain fatty acids
System that absorbs carbs
Give this one a try later!
Glucose, fructose, and galactose travel to the liver via the hepatic portal
vein.
Galactose and fructose are metabolized for energy.
Glucose is stored as glycogen in the liver or released into the blood.
5 steps of carb digestion
Give this one a try later!
, Mouth: salivary amylase
Stomach: salivary amylase
Pancreas
Small Intestine
-Maltase Enzyme: breaks maltose (2 glucose)
-Sucrase Enzyme: breaks sucrose (1 glucose, 1 fructose)
-Lactase Enzyme: breaks lactose (1 galactose, 1 glucose)
Large intestine
Lactose intolerance
Give this one a try later!
Lactase available in minimal amounts
- Undigested lactose to LI
- Draws in water
- Metabolized by bacteria producing acids and gas
Decline in enzyme activity with age; infections/diseases.
Affects between 30 - 50 million adults
- Asian, African, Native Americans, and Mediterranean populations
Function of stomach
Give this one a try later!
