Educational Psychology Key Principles, Theories, and Strategies for Teachers EXAM GUIDE QUESTIONS WITH NEW UPDATE SOLUTIONS

Educational Psychology Key Principles, Theories, and Strategies for Teachers EXAM GUIDE QUESTIONS WITH NEW UPDATE SOLUTIONS What are the key principles of behaviorism - Answer- Learning is observable through behavior rather than internal thought. It is shaped by environmental stimuli through reinforcement, punishment, and repetition. How can teachers apply behaviorist principles in classroom management - Answer- Use reinforcement to encourage desired behaviors and consequences to reduce undesired ones. Maintain consistent routines and structured learning environments. What does the cognitive view of learning emphasize - Answer- Learning involves mental processes such as perception, attention, encoding, storage, and retrieval of information. What is the difference between working memory and long-term memory - Answer- Working memory holds and manipulates information temporarily. Long-term memory stores knowledge permanently for future retrieval. What is cognitive load theory - Answer- It posits that working memory has limited capacity and can be overloaded by excessive new information, reducing comprehension and retention. How can teachers manage cognitive load - Answer- Break content into segments, use visual supports, model steps with worked examples, and eliminate unnecessary details. What is deep processing of information - Answer- It involves engaging with meaning and connecting new knowledge to prior understanding, resulting in better memory retention. What are the main components of observational learning in Bandura's theory - Answer- Attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation. What does triadic reciprocal causation describe - Answer- It describes the interaction between personal factors, behavior, and the environment in shaping learning outcomes. What is self-efficacy - Answer- It is the belief in one's ability to accomplish specific tasks successfully. What are the four sources of self-efficacy - Answer- Mastery experiences, vicarious experiences, social persuasion, and physiological arousal. What is the central idea of constructivism - Answer- Learners actively construct knowledge by integrating new information with existing mental frameworks. How does Piaget's cognitive constructivism describe learning - Answer- Learning occurs through assimilation and accommodation as learners adapt schemas to fit new information. How does Vygotsky's social constructivism explain learning - Answer- Knowledge develops through social interaction, progressing from interpsychological to intrapsychological understanding. What is the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) - Answer- The gap between what a learner can do independently and what they can achieve with support. What role does scaffolding play in learning - Answer- It provides temporary support to help learners progress through their ZPD until they can perform independently. What does humanistic theory emphasize in education - Answer- The development of the whole person, focusing on emotional, social, and cognitive growth within supportive environments. What are Maslow's levels of needs - Answer- Physiological, safety, belonging, esteem, and self-actualization. How can teachers use Maslow's hierarchy to support learning - Answer- Ensure basic and emotional needs are met before expecting higher-order cognitive engagement. What did Carl Rogers contribute to humanistic education - Answer- He advocated for learner-centered teaching based on empathy, acceptance, and unconditional positive regard. What is the difference between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation - Answer- Intrinsic motivation originates from internal satisfaction. Extrinsic motivation arises from external rewards or pressures. How does behaviorism explain motivation - Answer- Motivation results from reinforcement contingencies that shape and maintain behavior through rewards or punishments. What do cognitive theories of motivation emphasize - Answer- They focus on how thoughts, interpretations, and goal orientations influence effort and persistence. What is social cognitive theory's explanation of motivation - Answer- Motivation is shaped by self-efficacy, goal-setting, and reciprocal interactions between person, behavior, and environment. What is humanist motivation theory based on - Answer- It views motivation as the satisfaction of needs, aiming for self-fulfillment and personal growth. What is automaticity in learning - Answer- It is the ability to perform tasks with minimal conscious effort, allowing focus on higher-level processes. How is automaticity developed - Answer- Through repetition, deliberate practice, and consistent feedback until performance becomes efficient and accurate. What are the benefits of automaticity in learning - Answer- It reduces cognitive load, increases speed and accuracy, and enables engagement in complex thinking. What is deliberate practice - Answer- Purposeful and focused practice designed to improve performance on specific skills through feedback and reflection. How can teachers promote deliberate practice - Answer- Provide clear goals, model correct methods, ensure regular short practice sessions, and encourage reflection after errors.