Pathophysiology - BIOD 331 - Module 1 Questions and Answers
What is the definition of Pathophysiology is defined as not only the cellular and organ changes that occur
"pathophysiology"? with disease, but also the effects that these changes have on total body function.
Etiologic factors are the causes of a disease.
1. Physical forces: trauma, burns, etc
2. Chemical agents: poisons, alcohol
Name the 5 etiologic factors and give an 3. Biological agents: bacteria, viruses
example if listed. 4. Genetic predisposition: inherent genes from both parents but you don't
necessarily develop the disease but are predispositioned to it
5. Nutritional excess or deficiencies: Iodine deficiency can lead to hypothyroidism.
Nutritional excess in carbohydrates can lead to irritable bowel syndrome.
Congenital: present at birth
What are the 2 types of risk factors?
Acquired: occur after birth
What is the difference between Morphology is defined as the fundamental structure or form of cells or tissues.
morphology and histology? Histology is the study of the cells and extracellular matrix of body tissues.
These both relate to manifestations of a disease. Signs is an objective manifestation
Describe the difference between signs and
while symptoms are a subjective complaint. Signs are apparent to the physician,
symptoms and give an example of each.
symptoms are apparent to the patient.
What are 3 important processes when Patient history, diagnostic testing, and a physical examination.
coming to a diagnosis?
Validity: how a tool measures what it is intended to measure i.e. the correct tool to
do the job, such as using a blood pressure cuff to measure blood pressure
Explain validity, reliability, sensitivity, and Reliability: likelihood of yielding the same result of a test, usually dependent on
specificity. someone's experience and skill level
Sensitivity: proportion of people with a disease who test positive
Specificity: people without the disease who test negative for it
, Define epidemiology and name some Epidemiology is the study of disease occurrence. It tracks the health of a community
things that it tracks. by tracking age, race, nutritional habits and locations.
What is the difference between incidence Incidence is the number of new cases in the population at a given time, prevalence is
and prevalence? the number of cases that exist in the population at a given time.
Mortality is the reason for death in a population. Morbidity is the effect of the illness
Define mortality and morbidity.
on someone's life, as it pertains to their quality of life.
Primary prevention is what a person does to prevent a disease from occurring, for
example eating healthy and exercising.
Secondary prevention is aiming to detect and treat diseases when they are either still
Define primary, secondary, and tertiary
curable or asymptomatic. An example of this is a colonoscopy
prevention and give an example of each.
Tertiary prevention is when a disease is diagnosed and clinical interventions happen
to cause further complications. For example, using medication to reduce the risk of
future heart attacks.
Evidence-based practice is important because medical professions follow up-to-
Why is evidence-based practice date information and studies in order to treat diseases. This ensures that new
important? treatment options are followed, preventing physicians from using outdates practices
that no longer benefit the patient.
What are the 3 primary structures of the The nucleus, cytoplasm, and plasma membrane
cell?
The nucleus is the control center for the cell and contains most of the hereditary
What is the function of the nucleus?
material, DNA and RNA.
Name 3 structures within the nucleus. Chromatin, nucleolus, and nuclear envelope
Ribosomes synthesize proteins.
What are the roles of the ribosomes, rough
Rough ER carries ribosomes and synthesizes lysosomal enzymes.
ER, and smooth ER?
Smooth ER NO RIBOSOMES. Creates lipids, lipoproteins, and steroid hormones.
Lysosomes break down proteins.
Peroxisomes break down free radicals through the secretion of an enzyme that
What is the function of the lysosomes,
breaks down peroxides.
peroxisomes, and mitochondria?
Mitochondria are the power house of the cell. They transform organic compounds
into cellular energy.
What is contained in the cytoskeleton and The cytoskeleton contains a network of microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate
what is its function? filaments, and thick filaments. They control cell shape and movement.
Microtubules can disassemble at one location and reassemble at another, aiding in
Explain microtubules. the maintenance of cell form, intracellular transport, and the formation of cellular
structures.
Centrioles are made of microtubules and aid during cell division by forming the
Explain centrioles.
mitotic spindle and helping to separate and move the chromosomes.
Explain cilia. The cilia are also made of microtubules and function in cell motility.
Give examples of where cilia and flagella Cilia are found in epithelial lining such as nasal passages. Flagella are only found in
are found in the human body. sperm.
The cell membrane separates the contents of a cell from its outside environment. It
What are the 4 functions of the cell regulates the materials coming into and going from the cell, it aids in cell division
membrane? and growth, and contains hormone receptors that facilitate the conduction of
electrical currents in nerve receptors.
Why do cells need to communicate with Cells need to communicate to sense and respond to changes in their environment,
one another? this cannot be done without communication.
Name the 4 types of signaling. Endocrine, paracrine, autocrine, and synaptic signaling
What is the definition of Pathophysiology is defined as not only the cellular and organ changes that occur
"pathophysiology"? with disease, but also the effects that these changes have on total body function.
Etiologic factors are the causes of a disease.
1. Physical forces: trauma, burns, etc
2. Chemical agents: poisons, alcohol
Name the 5 etiologic factors and give an 3. Biological agents: bacteria, viruses
example if listed. 4. Genetic predisposition: inherent genes from both parents but you don't
necessarily develop the disease but are predispositioned to it
5. Nutritional excess or deficiencies: Iodine deficiency can lead to hypothyroidism.
Nutritional excess in carbohydrates can lead to irritable bowel syndrome.
Congenital: present at birth
What are the 2 types of risk factors?
Acquired: occur after birth
What is the difference between Morphology is defined as the fundamental structure or form of cells or tissues.
morphology and histology? Histology is the study of the cells and extracellular matrix of body tissues.
These both relate to manifestations of a disease. Signs is an objective manifestation
Describe the difference between signs and
while symptoms are a subjective complaint. Signs are apparent to the physician,
symptoms and give an example of each.
symptoms are apparent to the patient.
What are 3 important processes when Patient history, diagnostic testing, and a physical examination.
coming to a diagnosis?
Validity: how a tool measures what it is intended to measure i.e. the correct tool to
do the job, such as using a blood pressure cuff to measure blood pressure
Explain validity, reliability, sensitivity, and Reliability: likelihood of yielding the same result of a test, usually dependent on
specificity. someone's experience and skill level
Sensitivity: proportion of people with a disease who test positive
Specificity: people without the disease who test negative for it
, Define epidemiology and name some Epidemiology is the study of disease occurrence. It tracks the health of a community
things that it tracks. by tracking age, race, nutritional habits and locations.
What is the difference between incidence Incidence is the number of new cases in the population at a given time, prevalence is
and prevalence? the number of cases that exist in the population at a given time.
Mortality is the reason for death in a population. Morbidity is the effect of the illness
Define mortality and morbidity.
on someone's life, as it pertains to their quality of life.
Primary prevention is what a person does to prevent a disease from occurring, for
example eating healthy and exercising.
Secondary prevention is aiming to detect and treat diseases when they are either still
Define primary, secondary, and tertiary
curable or asymptomatic. An example of this is a colonoscopy
prevention and give an example of each.
Tertiary prevention is when a disease is diagnosed and clinical interventions happen
to cause further complications. For example, using medication to reduce the risk of
future heart attacks.
Evidence-based practice is important because medical professions follow up-to-
Why is evidence-based practice date information and studies in order to treat diseases. This ensures that new
important? treatment options are followed, preventing physicians from using outdates practices
that no longer benefit the patient.
What are the 3 primary structures of the The nucleus, cytoplasm, and plasma membrane
cell?
The nucleus is the control center for the cell and contains most of the hereditary
What is the function of the nucleus?
material, DNA and RNA.
Name 3 structures within the nucleus. Chromatin, nucleolus, and nuclear envelope
Ribosomes synthesize proteins.
What are the roles of the ribosomes, rough
Rough ER carries ribosomes and synthesizes lysosomal enzymes.
ER, and smooth ER?
Smooth ER NO RIBOSOMES. Creates lipids, lipoproteins, and steroid hormones.
Lysosomes break down proteins.
Peroxisomes break down free radicals through the secretion of an enzyme that
What is the function of the lysosomes,
breaks down peroxides.
peroxisomes, and mitochondria?
Mitochondria are the power house of the cell. They transform organic compounds
into cellular energy.
What is contained in the cytoskeleton and The cytoskeleton contains a network of microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate
what is its function? filaments, and thick filaments. They control cell shape and movement.
Microtubules can disassemble at one location and reassemble at another, aiding in
Explain microtubules. the maintenance of cell form, intracellular transport, and the formation of cellular
structures.
Centrioles are made of microtubules and aid during cell division by forming the
Explain centrioles.
mitotic spindle and helping to separate and move the chromosomes.
Explain cilia. The cilia are also made of microtubules and function in cell motility.
Give examples of where cilia and flagella Cilia are found in epithelial lining such as nasal passages. Flagella are only found in
are found in the human body. sperm.
The cell membrane separates the contents of a cell from its outside environment. It
What are the 4 functions of the cell regulates the materials coming into and going from the cell, it aids in cell division
membrane? and growth, and contains hormone receptors that facilitate the conduction of
electrical currents in nerve receptors.
Why do cells need to communicate with Cells need to communicate to sense and respond to changes in their environment,
one another? this cannot be done without communication.
Name the 4 types of signaling. Endocrine, paracrine, autocrine, and synaptic signaling
