Principles of Chemistry (CHM1311) Lecture Notes

,THEME 1 : MATERIALS
PROPERTIES OF POLYMERS ,
PROTEINC , ETC /MATERIALS
>
- determined
by how the molecule is structured
e structure determines properties

T HE ATOM (TOPICS to Review
& QUANTIZATION BOHR/MASS
-
SPECTROMETRY
↳ ENERGY IS QUANTIZED (PLANCK)
>
-
ENERGY of LIGHT AMPLITUDE FREQUENCY

↳ PARTICLE PROPERTIES (A) WELL AS WAVE
NEW IDEAS

>
- SCHRODINGER WAVE EQUATION (NOT ON
MIDTERM)
↑ 4 84 = ↳ ELECTRONS HAVE WAVE PROPERTIES
I
· : OPERATOR

·



O : REGION IN SPACE WHERE AN E HAS SOME PROBABILITY
OF BEING FOUND CORBITALS)


6 · C

WAVE
:
ENERGY

Function
of
ELECTRONIC STATe /RePRESENTED By 4)


ORBITALS

>
- EAH CAN BE DEFINED By A SETSF3 QUANTON #S
·
4 : F (n , e , mel
n ↳ PRINCIPAL QUANTUM # (ORBITAL SIzz)
& 4 ANGUAR MOMENTUM QUANTUM #JORBITAL SHAPE)
Me L MAGNETIC QUANTUM # CORBITAL ORIENTATIONS
· n : AS VALUEOFN &, ORBITAL ENERGY ↑ CAS WELL As SIZE)
& 1 : 0 -(n -

1)


E
O: S ,
1 = P
, zid 3 = f .....
lex .

PORBMAL
,


- 1 - +
1
·
Me :



S ORBITALS : SPHERE (SPHERICAL DISTRIBUTION
SHAPES OF PROBABILITY)
PORBITALS :
DUMBBELL SHAPE (PX Py Pz) , ,




d orbitals :

,BONDS
6 Pond : PROBABILITY OF FINDING IS NOW BAN NUCLEI

# bond :
eSORBITALS CANNOT FORM I BONDS

>
- FORMED BY SIDEWAYS OVERLAP OP ORBIALS


3 -


SPIN

>
-
4th QUANTUM NUMBER

> E-
- BEHAVE As IF THEY SPINONAN AXIS
>
- SPIN CHARGE GENERATES A MAGNETIC FELD & d
VALUES :
Ms = + OR-Y2


PAULI EXCLUSION PRINCIPLE
NO 2 E- CAN HAVE THE JAME JET Of QUANTUM #S


AUFBAU PRINCIPLE

E- IN AN
ATOM /N GROUND STATES WILL OCUOY THE ORBITALS of
LOWEST ENERGY


H UND's RULE
THE #OF INPAIRED E WILL BE MAXIMIZED & HAVE PARALLEL SPINS

= -
- =




2P


* & LOWEST ENERGY CONFIGURATION
IS




Ei SAME VALUE FOR ARLIN THE SAME CHELL N AND &
Are IN THE SAME SUBSHELL
N ,
I, AND M are IN THE SAME ORBITAL

, FORMINGIONS
CATION)-e-aRE REMOVED FROM THE HIGHESTOCCUPIED N SHELL




&
ANIONS- - ARE ADDED TO THE HIGHEST PARTIALLY FILLED -


SHELL
CATIONS FORMED FROM AN ATOM of A TRANSITION METAL

& are ALWAYS REMOVED FIRST FROM THE S ORBITAt ,
THEN THE D-ORBITALS .




MOLECULES
4) BRIDIZATION
>
- ORBITALS ARE ALL ORTHOGINAL TO EACH OTHER
↳ DON'T INTERAL
>
- SAN MATHEMATICALLY COMBINE ARBITALS
-
DON'T ACTUALLY EXIST IN THE REAL WORLD

eX .

S + P- >
I SPORBITALS (1883
S + 2- 3 SPITEBITALS /124 %
s +
3p- 4 SP3 ORBITAbs (109 .

S")
V SEPR THEORY
↳ VALENCE SHELL E PAIR REPULSION




1
>
- PREDICTING 3D SHAPE OF A MOLECULE
- E PAIRS RePeL EACH OTHER , So THEY STAY As

FAR APART AS POSSIBLE TO MINIMIZE REPrISIONS
-NOT ATION :
ABy Ey
- # Of LONE PAIRS
↓ 3 OF BONDER PAIRS

CENTRAL ATOM
o
eX ..

N , .
,,, H =
ABgE
H
Di