Human Needs 4 Final Exam and All
Correct Answers 2025-2026 Updated.
What are the three stages of shock and how are they defined? - Answer Compensatory
(early) - vasoconstriction
Progressive (intermediate)
Refractory (Irreversible; late)
What's the difference between sepsis and severe sepsis? - Answer Sepsis is a systemic
inflammatory response to a severe infection
It becomes severe or "complicated" when there is organ failure due to lack of perfusion.
What is septic shock? - Answer Presence of sepsis with hypotension despite fluid
resuscitation and the presence of *tissue perfusion abnormalities. *
What type of shock is septic shock? - Answer Distributive.
Early stages there is severe hypotension (so the patient will most likely look pink) and the late
stages will have vasoconstriction.
What are the main organisms that cause sepsis? - Answer Gram-negative bacteria d/t
endotoxins
What happens to cardiac output and ejection fraction in the beginning stages of shock? -
Answer Initially CO increases but ejection fraction decreases.
What is MODS? - Answer Multiple organ distress syndrome.
What is the chain of severity from SIRS to MODS? - Answer SIRS leads to Sepsis leads to
Septic Shock leads to MODS.
(Then eventually ARDS)
, What are the triggers for SIRS/MODS? - Answer Mechanical tissue trauma
Abscess formation
Ischemic/necrotic tissue
Microbial invasion
Endotoxin release
Global perfusion deficits
Regional perfusion deficits
What are the clinical manifestations for SIRS/MODS? - Answer Precipitating event (led to
infection)
Respiratory: fluid in alveoli d/t increased permeability (can lead to ARDS)
Cardiac: Decrease in SVR, vasodilation
Neurologic: Change in LOC, confusion, agitation
Renal: AKI because of decreased perfusion
GI: Abdominal distention, paralytic ileus, ulcer formation
Hypermetabolic state and hyperglycemic
Coagulation issues: DIC
Electrolyte imbalances: Decrease in K, Ca, Mg, PO4
What should our main intervention be to decrease GI complications for a SIRS patient? - Answer
Enteral nutrition! NG tube
This is in addition to PPI's
What is the first step to treating shock? - Answer Fluid replacement to restore perfusion.
What type of fluid do we use for shock? - Answer Warmed NS. We avoid LR in this situation
because it worsens liver failure.
What hemodynamic parameter/assessment data do we monitor heavily with fluid replacement?
- Answer Preload!
So we're watching our CVP and PAWP
Correct Answers 2025-2026 Updated.
What are the three stages of shock and how are they defined? - Answer Compensatory
(early) - vasoconstriction
Progressive (intermediate)
Refractory (Irreversible; late)
What's the difference between sepsis and severe sepsis? - Answer Sepsis is a systemic
inflammatory response to a severe infection
It becomes severe or "complicated" when there is organ failure due to lack of perfusion.
What is septic shock? - Answer Presence of sepsis with hypotension despite fluid
resuscitation and the presence of *tissue perfusion abnormalities. *
What type of shock is septic shock? - Answer Distributive.
Early stages there is severe hypotension (so the patient will most likely look pink) and the late
stages will have vasoconstriction.
What are the main organisms that cause sepsis? - Answer Gram-negative bacteria d/t
endotoxins
What happens to cardiac output and ejection fraction in the beginning stages of shock? -
Answer Initially CO increases but ejection fraction decreases.
What is MODS? - Answer Multiple organ distress syndrome.
What is the chain of severity from SIRS to MODS? - Answer SIRS leads to Sepsis leads to
Septic Shock leads to MODS.
(Then eventually ARDS)
, What are the triggers for SIRS/MODS? - Answer Mechanical tissue trauma
Abscess formation
Ischemic/necrotic tissue
Microbial invasion
Endotoxin release
Global perfusion deficits
Regional perfusion deficits
What are the clinical manifestations for SIRS/MODS? - Answer Precipitating event (led to
infection)
Respiratory: fluid in alveoli d/t increased permeability (can lead to ARDS)
Cardiac: Decrease in SVR, vasodilation
Neurologic: Change in LOC, confusion, agitation
Renal: AKI because of decreased perfusion
GI: Abdominal distention, paralytic ileus, ulcer formation
Hypermetabolic state and hyperglycemic
Coagulation issues: DIC
Electrolyte imbalances: Decrease in K, Ca, Mg, PO4
What should our main intervention be to decrease GI complications for a SIRS patient? - Answer
Enteral nutrition! NG tube
This is in addition to PPI's
What is the first step to treating shock? - Answer Fluid replacement to restore perfusion.
What type of fluid do we use for shock? - Answer Warmed NS. We avoid LR in this situation
because it worsens liver failure.
What hemodynamic parameter/assessment data do we monitor heavily with fluid replacement?
- Answer Preload!
So we're watching our CVP and PAWP
