Bio 255 Exam 1 Iowa State University Questions and Answers

Bio 255 Exam 1 Iowa State University Questions and Answers anterior toward the front surface ex: the stomach is anterior to spinal cord posterior in back of, toward back surface ex: the heart is posterior to the sternum superior closer to the head ex: chest is superior to the pelvis inferior closer to the feet ex: stomach is inferior to the heart lateral away from the midline of the body ex: the arms are lateral to the heart intermediate proximal closest to the point of attachment to the trunk ex: elbow is proximal to the hand distal furthest from point of attachment to trunk ex: wrist is distal to the elbow superficial on the outside, external to another structure ex: the skin is superficial to muscle deep on the inside, internal to another structure ex: the heart is deep to the rib cage axial main vertical axis of the body, contains head, neck, trunk appendicular limbs and appendages that attach to the main axis of the body sagittal divides body into right and left parts midsagittal / medial sagittal plane lying on midline frontal / coronal divides body into anterior and posterior parts transverse / horizontal divides body into superior and inferior parts oblique divides body at an angle integumentary Definition: external body covering What: contains sweat glands, skin, oil glands, nails, hair Why: protects deep tissues from injury and synthesizes vitamin D skeletal What: bone, cartilage, ligaments Why: protects and supports body organs, provides framework for muscles, site of blood cell formation, stores minerals muscular What: muscles, tendons Why: allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression, maintains posture, produce heat nervous What: brain, spinal cord, nerves Why: fast-acting control system of the body, responds to stimuli by activating muscles and glands endocrine What: glands and cell clusters Why: hormones secreted into blood to regulate processes, slower-acting control system of the body because hormones must diffuse to target cardiovascular What: heart and blood vessels Why: heart pumps blood, blood vessels transport blood throughout the body lymphatic What: red bone marrow, thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels Why: picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood, disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream, houses white blood cells involved with immunity respiratory What: nasal cavity, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs Why: keeps blood supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide, affects blood pH balance digestive What: oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus and liver Why: breaks down food into absorbable units, eliminates indigestible materials from the body urinary What: kidneys, urinary bladder, ureters, urethra Why: eliminates nitrogenous waste from the body, regulates blood, water, electrolyte and pH balance reproductive (male) What: prostate, penis, testes, scrotum, ductus deferens Why: produce offspring, testes produce sperm and male sex hormones, ducts and gland deliver sperm to female reproductive tract reproductive (female) What: mammary glands, ovaries, uterine glands, uterus, vagina Why: production of offspring, ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones, remaining structures serve as sites for fertilization and fetal development, mammary glands produce milk to nourish newborn anatomical position body erect, feet slightly apart, palms facing forward, thumbs point away from the body regional anatomy all structures in one body area systemic anatomy gross anatomy of body studied by system suface anatomy study of internal structures as related to overlying skin cytology study of the cell histology study of tissue developmental anatomy traces structural changes through life embryology study of developmental changes of body before birth pathological anatomy study of structural changes caused by a disease radiographic anatomy study of internal structures visualized by X ray, MRI, CT What is the axiom relating anatomy to physiology? Form reflects function Levels of organization from smallest largest? chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organismal abdominopelvic regions (Start upper left of diagram continue as if reading a book) right hypochondriac, epigastric, left hypochondriac, right lumbar, umbilical, left lumbar, right iliac, hypogastric, left iliac abdominopelvic quadrants (start upper left of diagram continue as if reading a book) right upper quadrant, left upper quadrant, right lower quadrant, left lower quadrant