@PROFDOCDIGITALLIBRARIES
SOLUTION MANUAL FOR PORTH’S ESSENTIALS OF
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 5th EDITION
1.At an international nursing conference, many discussions and breakout sessions focused on the
World Health Organization (WHO) views on health. Of the following comments made by nurses
during a discussion session, which statements would be considered a good representation of the WHO
definition? Select all that apply.
A) Interests in keeping the elderly population engaged in such activities as book reviews
and word games during social time
B) Increase in the number of chair aerobics classes provided in the skilled care
facilities C) Interventions geared toward keeping the elderly population diagnosed
with diabetes
mellitus under tight blood glucose control by providing in-home cooking classes
D)Providing transportation for renal dialysis patients to and from their hemodialysis sessions E)
Providing handwashing teaching sessions to a group of young children
Ans: A, B, C, E
Feedback:
The WHO definition of health is defined as “a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-
being and not merely the absence of disease and infirmity.” Engaging in book reviews facilitates
mental and social well-being; chair aerobics helps facilitate physical well-being; and assisting with
tight control of diabetes helps with facilitating physical well-being even though the person has a
chronic disease. Handwashing is vital in the prevention of disease and spread of germs.
2. A community health nurse is teaching a group of recent graduates about the large variety of
factors that influence an individual's health or lack thereof. The nurse is referring to the Healthy
People 2020 report from the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services as a teaching example.
Of the following aspects discussed, which would be considered a determinant of health that is
outside the focus of this report?
A) The client has a diverse background by being of Asian and Native American descent
and practices various alternative therapies to minimize effects of stress.
B) The client has a family history of cardiovascular disease related to
hypercholesterolemia and remains noncompliant with the treatment regime.
C) The client has a good career with exceptional preventative health care benefits.
D) The client lives in an affluent, clean, suburban community with access to many health
care facilities.
Ans: B
Feedback:
In Healthy People 2020, the focus is to promote good health to all (such as using alternative therapies
to minimize effects of stress); achieving health equity and promoting health for all (which includes
having good health care benefits); and promoting good health (which includes living in a clean
community with good access to health care). A client's noncompliance with treatments to control
high cholesterol levels within the presence of a family history of CV disease does not meet the
“attaining lives free of preventable disease and premature death” determinant.
,@PROFDOCDIGITALLIBRARIES
3. A physician is providing care for a number of patients on a medical unit of a large,
university hospital. The physician is discussing with a colleague the differentiation between diseases
that are caused by abnormal molecules and diseases that cause disease. Which of the following
patients most clearly demonstrates the consequences of molecules that cause disease? A) A 31-year-
old woman with sickle cell anemia who is receiving a transfusion of packed red blood cells
B) A 91-year-old woman who has experienced an ischemic stroke resulting from familial
hypercholesterolemia
C) A 19-year-old man with exacerbation of his cystic fibrosis requiring oxygen therapy and
chest physiotherapy
D) A 30-year-old homeless man who has Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) and is HIV
positive.
Ans: D
Feedback:
PCP is an example of the effect of a molecule that directly contributes to disease. Sickle cell anemia,
familial hypercholesterolemia, and cystic fibrosis are all examples of the effects of abnormal
molecules.
4. A member of the health care team is researching the etiology and pathogenesis of a
number of clients who are under his care in a hospital context. Which of the following aspects of
clients' situations bNesUt RchSaIraNctGerTizBe.s CpaOthMogenesis rather than etiology? A) A
client who has been exposed to the Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacterium
B) A client who has increasing serum ammonia levels due to liver cirrhosis
C) A client who was admitted with the effects of methyl alcohol poisoning
D) A client with multiple skeletal injuries secondary to a motor vehicle accident Ans: B
Feedback:
Pathogenesis refers to the progressive and evolutionary course of disease, such as the increasing
ammonia levels that accompany liver disease. Bacteria, poisons, and traumatic injuries are examples
of etiologic factors.
,@PROFDOCDIGITALLIBRARIES
5. A new myocardial infarction patient requiring angioplasty and stent placement has arrived
to his first cardiac rehabilitation appointment. In this first session, a review of the pathogenesis of
coronary artery disease is addressed. Which statement by the patient verifies to the nurse that he has
understood the nurse's teachings about coronary artery disease? A) “All I have to do is stop smoking,
and then I won't have any more heart attacks.”
B) “My artery was clogged by fat, so I will need to stop eating fatty foods like French fries
every day.”
C) “Sounds like this began because of inflammation inside my artery that made it easy to
form fatty streaks, which lead to my clogged artery.”
D) “If I do not exercise regularly to get my heart rate up, blood pools in the veins causing a
clot that stops blood flow to the muscle, and I will have a heart attack.”
Ans: C
Feedback:
The true etiology/cause of coronary artery disease (CAD) is unknown; however, the pathogenesis of
the disorder relates to the progression of the inflammatory process from a fatty streak to the occlusive
vessel lesion seen in people with coronary artery disease. Risk factors for CAD revolve around
cigarette smoking, diet high in fat, and lack of exercise.
6. A 77-year-old man is a hospital inpatient admitted for exacerbation of his chronic
obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and a respiratory therapist (RT) is assessing the client for the
first time. WhichNUofRtSheIfNolGloTwBin.gCaOspMects of the patient's current state of health
would be best characterized as a symptom rather than a sign? A) The patient's oxygen saturation is
83% by pulse oxymetry.
B) The patient notes that he has increased work of breathing when lying supine.
C) The RT hears diminished breath sounds to the patient's lower lung fields bilaterally.
D) The patient's respiratory rate is 31 breaths/minute. Ans: B
Feedback:
Symptoms are subjective complaints by the person experiencing the health problem, such as
complaints of breathing difficulty. Oxygen levels, listening to breath sounds, and respiratory rate are
all objective, observable signs of disease.
, @PROFDOCDIGITALLIBRARIES
7. Which of the following situations would be classified as a complication of a disease or
outcome from the treatment regimen? Select all that apply. A) Massive pulmonary emboli following
diagnosis of new-onset atrial fibrillation
B) Burning, intense incision pain following surgery to remove a portion of colon due to
intestinal aganglionosis
C) Development of pulmonary fibrosis following treatment with bleomycin, an antibiotic
chemotherapy agent used in treatment of lymphoma
D) Gradual deterioration in ability to walk unassisted for a patient diagnosed with Parkinson
disease
E) Loss of short-term memory in a patient diagnosed with Alzheimer disease Ans: A, C
Feedback:
Development of pulmonary emboli and pulmonary fibrosis following chemotherapy are both
examples of a complication (adverse extensions of a disease or outcome from treatment). It is normal
to expect incisional pain following surgery. As Parkinson disease progresses, the inability to walk
independently is expected. This is a normal progression for people diagnosed with Parkinson's. Loss
of short-term memory in a patient diagnosed with Alzheimer disease is an expected finding.
8. Laboratory testing is ordered for a male patient during a clinic visit for a routine follow-up
assessment of hypertension. When interpreting lab values, the nurse knows that A) a normal value
represenNtsUtRheStIesNtGreTsuBl.tsCthOaMt fall within the bell curve.
B) if the lab result is above the 50% distribution, the result is considered elevated.
C) all lab values are adjusted for gender and weight.
D) if the result of a very sensitive test is negative, that does not mean the person is disease
free.
Ans: A
Feedback:
What is termed a normal value for a laboratory test is established statistically from results obtained
from a selected sample of people. A normal value represents the test results that fall within the bell
curve or the 95% distribution. Some lab values (like hemoglobin) are adjusted for gender, other
comorbidities, or age. If the result of a very sensitive test is negative, it tells us the person does not
have the disease, and the disease has been ruled out or excluded.
SOLUTION MANUAL FOR PORTH’S ESSENTIALS OF
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 5th EDITION
1.At an international nursing conference, many discussions and breakout sessions focused on the
World Health Organization (WHO) views on health. Of the following comments made by nurses
during a discussion session, which statements would be considered a good representation of the WHO
definition? Select all that apply.
A) Interests in keeping the elderly population engaged in such activities as book reviews
and word games during social time
B) Increase in the number of chair aerobics classes provided in the skilled care
facilities C) Interventions geared toward keeping the elderly population diagnosed
with diabetes
mellitus under tight blood glucose control by providing in-home cooking classes
D)Providing transportation for renal dialysis patients to and from their hemodialysis sessions E)
Providing handwashing teaching sessions to a group of young children
Ans: A, B, C, E
Feedback:
The WHO definition of health is defined as “a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-
being and not merely the absence of disease and infirmity.” Engaging in book reviews facilitates
mental and social well-being; chair aerobics helps facilitate physical well-being; and assisting with
tight control of diabetes helps with facilitating physical well-being even though the person has a
chronic disease. Handwashing is vital in the prevention of disease and spread of germs.
2. A community health nurse is teaching a group of recent graduates about the large variety of
factors that influence an individual's health or lack thereof. The nurse is referring to the Healthy
People 2020 report from the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services as a teaching example.
Of the following aspects discussed, which would be considered a determinant of health that is
outside the focus of this report?
A) The client has a diverse background by being of Asian and Native American descent
and practices various alternative therapies to minimize effects of stress.
B) The client has a family history of cardiovascular disease related to
hypercholesterolemia and remains noncompliant with the treatment regime.
C) The client has a good career with exceptional preventative health care benefits.
D) The client lives in an affluent, clean, suburban community with access to many health
care facilities.
Ans: B
Feedback:
In Healthy People 2020, the focus is to promote good health to all (such as using alternative therapies
to minimize effects of stress); achieving health equity and promoting health for all (which includes
having good health care benefits); and promoting good health (which includes living in a clean
community with good access to health care). A client's noncompliance with treatments to control
high cholesterol levels within the presence of a family history of CV disease does not meet the
“attaining lives free of preventable disease and premature death” determinant.
,@PROFDOCDIGITALLIBRARIES
3. A physician is providing care for a number of patients on a medical unit of a large,
university hospital. The physician is discussing with a colleague the differentiation between diseases
that are caused by abnormal molecules and diseases that cause disease. Which of the following
patients most clearly demonstrates the consequences of molecules that cause disease? A) A 31-year-
old woman with sickle cell anemia who is receiving a transfusion of packed red blood cells
B) A 91-year-old woman who has experienced an ischemic stroke resulting from familial
hypercholesterolemia
C) A 19-year-old man with exacerbation of his cystic fibrosis requiring oxygen therapy and
chest physiotherapy
D) A 30-year-old homeless man who has Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) and is HIV
positive.
Ans: D
Feedback:
PCP is an example of the effect of a molecule that directly contributes to disease. Sickle cell anemia,
familial hypercholesterolemia, and cystic fibrosis are all examples of the effects of abnormal
molecules.
4. A member of the health care team is researching the etiology and pathogenesis of a
number of clients who are under his care in a hospital context. Which of the following aspects of
clients' situations bNesUt RchSaIraNctGerTizBe.s CpaOthMogenesis rather than etiology? A) A
client who has been exposed to the Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacterium
B) A client who has increasing serum ammonia levels due to liver cirrhosis
C) A client who was admitted with the effects of methyl alcohol poisoning
D) A client with multiple skeletal injuries secondary to a motor vehicle accident Ans: B
Feedback:
Pathogenesis refers to the progressive and evolutionary course of disease, such as the increasing
ammonia levels that accompany liver disease. Bacteria, poisons, and traumatic injuries are examples
of etiologic factors.
,@PROFDOCDIGITALLIBRARIES
5. A new myocardial infarction patient requiring angioplasty and stent placement has arrived
to his first cardiac rehabilitation appointment. In this first session, a review of the pathogenesis of
coronary artery disease is addressed. Which statement by the patient verifies to the nurse that he has
understood the nurse's teachings about coronary artery disease? A) “All I have to do is stop smoking,
and then I won't have any more heart attacks.”
B) “My artery was clogged by fat, so I will need to stop eating fatty foods like French fries
every day.”
C) “Sounds like this began because of inflammation inside my artery that made it easy to
form fatty streaks, which lead to my clogged artery.”
D) “If I do not exercise regularly to get my heart rate up, blood pools in the veins causing a
clot that stops blood flow to the muscle, and I will have a heart attack.”
Ans: C
Feedback:
The true etiology/cause of coronary artery disease (CAD) is unknown; however, the pathogenesis of
the disorder relates to the progression of the inflammatory process from a fatty streak to the occlusive
vessel lesion seen in people with coronary artery disease. Risk factors for CAD revolve around
cigarette smoking, diet high in fat, and lack of exercise.
6. A 77-year-old man is a hospital inpatient admitted for exacerbation of his chronic
obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and a respiratory therapist (RT) is assessing the client for the
first time. WhichNUofRtSheIfNolGloTwBin.gCaOspMects of the patient's current state of health
would be best characterized as a symptom rather than a sign? A) The patient's oxygen saturation is
83% by pulse oxymetry.
B) The patient notes that he has increased work of breathing when lying supine.
C) The RT hears diminished breath sounds to the patient's lower lung fields bilaterally.
D) The patient's respiratory rate is 31 breaths/minute. Ans: B
Feedback:
Symptoms are subjective complaints by the person experiencing the health problem, such as
complaints of breathing difficulty. Oxygen levels, listening to breath sounds, and respiratory rate are
all objective, observable signs of disease.
, @PROFDOCDIGITALLIBRARIES
7. Which of the following situations would be classified as a complication of a disease or
outcome from the treatment regimen? Select all that apply. A) Massive pulmonary emboli following
diagnosis of new-onset atrial fibrillation
B) Burning, intense incision pain following surgery to remove a portion of colon due to
intestinal aganglionosis
C) Development of pulmonary fibrosis following treatment with bleomycin, an antibiotic
chemotherapy agent used in treatment of lymphoma
D) Gradual deterioration in ability to walk unassisted for a patient diagnosed with Parkinson
disease
E) Loss of short-term memory in a patient diagnosed with Alzheimer disease Ans: A, C
Feedback:
Development of pulmonary emboli and pulmonary fibrosis following chemotherapy are both
examples of a complication (adverse extensions of a disease or outcome from treatment). It is normal
to expect incisional pain following surgery. As Parkinson disease progresses, the inability to walk
independently is expected. This is a normal progression for people diagnosed with Parkinson's. Loss
of short-term memory in a patient diagnosed with Alzheimer disease is an expected finding.
8. Laboratory testing is ordered for a male patient during a clinic visit for a routine follow-up
assessment of hypertension. When interpreting lab values, the nurse knows that A) a normal value
represenNtsUtRheStIesNtGreTsuBl.tsCthOaMt fall within the bell curve.
B) if the lab result is above the 50% distribution, the result is considered elevated.
C) all lab values are adjusted for gender and weight.
D) if the result of a very sensitive test is negative, that does not mean the person is disease
free.
Ans: A
Feedback:
What is termed a normal value for a laboratory test is established statistically from results obtained
from a selected sample of people. A normal value represents the test results that fall within the bell
curve or the 95% distribution. Some lab values (like hemoglobin) are adjusted for gender, other
comorbidities, or age. If the result of a very sensitive test is negative, it tells us the person does not
have the disease, and the disease has been ruled out or excluded.
