Pediatric Renal & GU Disorders Test Bank (150
Questions)
1. A 4-year-old child presents with hematuria, edema, and
hypertension. Which is the most likely diagnosis?
Nephritic syndrome
Rationale: Nephritic syndrome typically presents with
hematuria, mild proteinuria, edema, and hypertension due to
glomerular inflammation.
2. Which laboratory finding is most characteristic of nephrotic
syndrome?
Massive proteinuria (>40 mg/m²/hr)
Rationale: Nephrotic syndrome is defined by heavy proteinuria,
hypoalbuminemia, hyperlipidemia, and edema.
3. A 2-year-old presents with a sudden onset of painless hematuria
after a URI. Which condition should be suspected?
IgA nephropathy
Rationale: IgA nephropathy often presents with episodic
hematuria following upper respiratory infections.
4. The first-line treatment for minimal change disease in children is:
Corticosteroids
Rationale: Most children with minimal change disease respond
well to steroids, leading to remission of proteinuria.
5. Which electrolyte imbalance is most common in acute kidney
injury (AKI)?
Hyperkalemia
, Rationale: AKI can impair potassium excretion, leading to
dangerous elevations in serum potassium.
6. What is the hallmark urine finding in nephritic syndrome?
Hematuria with red blood cell casts
Rationale: RBC casts indicate glomerular bleeding, a hallmark of
nephritic syndrome.
7. A 6-year-old with nephrotic syndrome develops sudden shortness
of breath and chest pain. The nurse suspects:
Thromboembolism
Rationale: Children with nephrotic syndrome are at increased
risk for hypercoagulability due to loss of antithrombotic factors.
8. What is the most common cause of acute post-infectious
glomerulonephritis in children?
Post-streptococcal infection
Rationale: Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis occurs after
group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal infection, often presenting
with hematuria, edema, and hypertension.
9. Which imaging study is preferred for initial evaluation of
suspected vesicoureteral reflux?
Voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG)
Rationale: VCUG allows visualization of urine reflux from the
bladder to the ureters, confirming vesicoureteral reflux.
10. A child presents with recurrent UTIs, fever, and flank pain.
Which complication is a primary concern?
Renal scarring
Rationale: Recurrent pyelonephritis in children can lead to
permanent renal scarring, potentially causing chronic kidney
disease.
, 11-20
11. The most common pathogen in pediatric urinary tract
infections is:
Escherichia coli
Rationale: E. coli accounts for the majority of pediatric UTIs due
to fecal contamination.
12. What is the gold standard diagnostic test for Wilms’ tumor?
Abdominal ultrasound followed by CT scan
Rationale: Ultrasound is the first-line imaging for abdominal
masses; CT provides detailed anatomy and staging.
13. A 5-year-old boy presents with hematuria, flank pain, and a
palpable abdominal mass. Which diagnosis is most likely?
Wilms’ tumor
Rationale: Wilms’ tumor often presents as a painless abdominal
mass; hematuria and pain can occur in some cases.
14. Which is a common feature of posterior urethral valves in
infants?
Bilateral hydronephrosis
Rationale: Obstructive lesions in the posterior urethra lead to
bilateral hydronephrosis and possible renal damage.
15. A 3-year-old with a history of UTIs presents with continuous
incontinence. What is the likely cause?
Ectopic ureter
Rationale: Ectopic ureters can bypass the bladder, causing
continuous dribbling despite normal voiding.
16. Which lab finding is characteristic of renal tubular acidosis
type 1?
Questions)
1. A 4-year-old child presents with hematuria, edema, and
hypertension. Which is the most likely diagnosis?
Nephritic syndrome
Rationale: Nephritic syndrome typically presents with
hematuria, mild proteinuria, edema, and hypertension due to
glomerular inflammation.
2. Which laboratory finding is most characteristic of nephrotic
syndrome?
Massive proteinuria (>40 mg/m²/hr)
Rationale: Nephrotic syndrome is defined by heavy proteinuria,
hypoalbuminemia, hyperlipidemia, and edema.
3. A 2-year-old presents with a sudden onset of painless hematuria
after a URI. Which condition should be suspected?
IgA nephropathy
Rationale: IgA nephropathy often presents with episodic
hematuria following upper respiratory infections.
4. The first-line treatment for minimal change disease in children is:
Corticosteroids
Rationale: Most children with minimal change disease respond
well to steroids, leading to remission of proteinuria.
5. Which electrolyte imbalance is most common in acute kidney
injury (AKI)?
Hyperkalemia
, Rationale: AKI can impair potassium excretion, leading to
dangerous elevations in serum potassium.
6. What is the hallmark urine finding in nephritic syndrome?
Hematuria with red blood cell casts
Rationale: RBC casts indicate glomerular bleeding, a hallmark of
nephritic syndrome.
7. A 6-year-old with nephrotic syndrome develops sudden shortness
of breath and chest pain. The nurse suspects:
Thromboembolism
Rationale: Children with nephrotic syndrome are at increased
risk for hypercoagulability due to loss of antithrombotic factors.
8. What is the most common cause of acute post-infectious
glomerulonephritis in children?
Post-streptococcal infection
Rationale: Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis occurs after
group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal infection, often presenting
with hematuria, edema, and hypertension.
9. Which imaging study is preferred for initial evaluation of
suspected vesicoureteral reflux?
Voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG)
Rationale: VCUG allows visualization of urine reflux from the
bladder to the ureters, confirming vesicoureteral reflux.
10. A child presents with recurrent UTIs, fever, and flank pain.
Which complication is a primary concern?
Renal scarring
Rationale: Recurrent pyelonephritis in children can lead to
permanent renal scarring, potentially causing chronic kidney
disease.
, 11-20
11. The most common pathogen in pediatric urinary tract
infections is:
Escherichia coli
Rationale: E. coli accounts for the majority of pediatric UTIs due
to fecal contamination.
12. What is the gold standard diagnostic test for Wilms’ tumor?
Abdominal ultrasound followed by CT scan
Rationale: Ultrasound is the first-line imaging for abdominal
masses; CT provides detailed anatomy and staging.
13. A 5-year-old boy presents with hematuria, flank pain, and a
palpable abdominal mass. Which diagnosis is most likely?
Wilms’ tumor
Rationale: Wilms’ tumor often presents as a painless abdominal
mass; hematuria and pain can occur in some cases.
14. Which is a common feature of posterior urethral valves in
infants?
Bilateral hydronephrosis
Rationale: Obstructive lesions in the posterior urethra lead to
bilateral hydronephrosis and possible renal damage.
15. A 3-year-old with a history of UTIs presents with continuous
incontinence. What is the likely cause?
Ectopic ureter
Rationale: Ectopic ureters can bypass the bladder, causing
continuous dribbling despite normal voiding.
16. Which lab finding is characteristic of renal tubular acidosis
type 1?
