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Samenvatting HS6 erfelijkheidsleer

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Samenvatting HS6 (mitochondriale aandoeningen/genetica en kanker) erfelijkheidsleer, 1ste bach klinische psychologie UGent

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December 4, 2025
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ERFELIJKHEIDSLEER
LES 6 – MITOCHONDRIALE AANDOENINGEN/GENETICA & KANKER




Mitochondriale aandoeningen
Mitochondrium




Matrix = soort sap zoals cytoplasma

Aantal mitochondria per cel:

- Meeste lichaamscellen: 100-10.000
- Witte bloedcellen: 1000
- Eicellen: 100.000
- Sperma: enkele 100-en
- Geen mitochrondria in rode bloedcellen en enkele terminaal
gedifferentieerde huidcellen

Mitochondriaal DNA

Nucleair genoom Mitochondriaal genoom
Grootte 3200 Mb 16,5 kb
Aantal versch. DNA 23 (in XX cells) or 22 1 circulaire DNA molecule
moleculen (in XY cells); lineair
Totaal aantal DNA 46 in diploide cellen, Vaak duizende kopieën
moleculen per cel maar variatie afh van
ploidie
Geassocieerde Versch klassen van Grotendeels vrij van proteines
eiwitten histon & nonhiston
proteines
Aantal genen Ongeveer 20.000 37
Gen densiteit Ongeveer 1/100 kb 1/0,45 kb

1

,  Verschillende genetische code
 Hogere variantfrequentie dan nucleair DNA (x10)
 Meer dan 1000 mtDNA moleculen per cel (elke cel bevat honderden
mitochondriën)
 Replicatieve segregatie (zie volgende dia)
 Fenomeen van homoplasmie en heteroplasmie
 mtDNA is afkomstig van moeder

Structuur van mitochondriaal DNA



Oranje = 2 vormen rRNA

Groen = genen die coderen voor
oxidatieve fosforylatie

Geel = 22 genen die coderen voor een
tRNA
Oxidatieve fosforylatie

Belangrijkste mechanisme van
energieproductie in de cel
 Speelt een rol in geprogrammeerde celdood (= apoptose)

Replicatieve segratie




celdelingen

Bij celdeling gaan de multipele kopieën van mtDNA repliceren, en zich
willekeurig verdelen over de mitochondria, die zich op hun beurt
willekeurig gaan verdelen over de dochtercellen.

Homoplasmie

= alle mitochondriën bevatten dezelfde mtDNA molecule



Heteroplasmie

1. De mitochondriën bevatten verschillende mtDNA moleculen


2

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