KPE 160 FINAL UOFT STUDY GUIDE
Subdivisions of motor behaviour - Answer -motor control, motor learning, motor
development
Goal of motor control - Answer -to understand the set of cognitive and neural
processes involved in the planning and execution of individual actions
Goal of motor learning - Answer -to understand the set of challenges and processes of
improving and perfecting a performance
Goal of motor development - Answer -to understand the set of processes and factors
leading to changes in performance and learning across the lifespan
Cognitive/reductionist approach - Answer -functions can be derived from understanding
the characteristics of the elements
Complex/dynamical systems approach - Answer -functions cannot be derived from
understanding the characteristics of the elements, but rather the whole system
Focus of information processing approach of reductionism - Answer -the focus is on the
manner in which stimulus information is used to bring about behaviour
Neuroscience approach of reductionism - Answer -the focus is on the neural events
underlying movement
Active/endogenous movement - Answer -movement resulting from muscular
contractions
Passive/exogenous movement - Answer -movement resulting from forces that are
external to the body
Reflex action (motor responses) - Answer -involuntary and relatively stereotyped
responses to specific stimuli — the result of a specific, unchanging neural network
Characteristics of reflex action - Answer -short latency, generalized/stereotyped,
conscious awareness does not precede response involuntarily, response is generally
determined by stimulus, innate
Voluntary action (motor responses) - Answer -a response resulting from higher order
processing — the result of a flexible and variable neural network
Characteristics of voluntary action - Answer -longer latency, adaptable/can be novel,
conscious awareness precedes response, voluntary, responses are related to but not
determined by stimuli, learned
, Motor skills - Answer -a behavior for which the primary determinant is the quality of the
movement that the performer produces
Task perspective of motor skills - Answer -size of muscle groups, task organization,
importance of cognitive and motor involvement, predictability of environment
Types of motor group classification - Answer -gross, fine, mixed
Types of task organization classification - Answer -discrete, serial, continuous
Types of cognitive/motor involvement classification - Answer -cognitive, motor
Types of environmental predictability classification - Answer -closed, open
Capability - Answer -characteristics of an individual that represent a person's potential
to achieve success at a task
Skill - Answer -the ability to bring about some end result with maximizing the efficient
use of energy and/or time
Skill classification from a performance proficiency perspective - Answer -maximum
certainty of goal achievement, maximum efficient use of energy, maximizing efficient
use of time
Performance vs learning - Answer -performance is an observable attempt, learning is
an internal process that reflects capability for producing a motor task
Early stages of performance and learning - Answer -cognitive, inaccurate, inconsistent,
indecisive, inefficient, rigid, errorful
Middle stages of performance and learning - Answer -more
fluid/accurate/consistent/decisive/efficient/adaptable, less errors
Late stages of performance and learning - Answer -autonomous, accurate, consistent,
certain, efficient, adaptable, recognizes errors
Temporal measures of performance - Answer -total response time, interpretation of
response time, reaction time, movement time
Kinematic measures - Answer -constant error, absolute constant error, variable error
How to measure constant error - Answer -the sum of the positive/negative distance
between the desired and actual locations, divided by the number of trials
Subdivisions of motor behaviour - Answer -motor control, motor learning, motor
development
Goal of motor control - Answer -to understand the set of cognitive and neural
processes involved in the planning and execution of individual actions
Goal of motor learning - Answer -to understand the set of challenges and processes of
improving and perfecting a performance
Goal of motor development - Answer -to understand the set of processes and factors
leading to changes in performance and learning across the lifespan
Cognitive/reductionist approach - Answer -functions can be derived from understanding
the characteristics of the elements
Complex/dynamical systems approach - Answer -functions cannot be derived from
understanding the characteristics of the elements, but rather the whole system
Focus of information processing approach of reductionism - Answer -the focus is on the
manner in which stimulus information is used to bring about behaviour
Neuroscience approach of reductionism - Answer -the focus is on the neural events
underlying movement
Active/endogenous movement - Answer -movement resulting from muscular
contractions
Passive/exogenous movement - Answer -movement resulting from forces that are
external to the body
Reflex action (motor responses) - Answer -involuntary and relatively stereotyped
responses to specific stimuli — the result of a specific, unchanging neural network
Characteristics of reflex action - Answer -short latency, generalized/stereotyped,
conscious awareness does not precede response involuntarily, response is generally
determined by stimulus, innate
Voluntary action (motor responses) - Answer -a response resulting from higher order
processing — the result of a flexible and variable neural network
Characteristics of voluntary action - Answer -longer latency, adaptable/can be novel,
conscious awareness precedes response, voluntary, responses are related to but not
determined by stimuli, learned
, Motor skills - Answer -a behavior for which the primary determinant is the quality of the
movement that the performer produces
Task perspective of motor skills - Answer -size of muscle groups, task organization,
importance of cognitive and motor involvement, predictability of environment
Types of motor group classification - Answer -gross, fine, mixed
Types of task organization classification - Answer -discrete, serial, continuous
Types of cognitive/motor involvement classification - Answer -cognitive, motor
Types of environmental predictability classification - Answer -closed, open
Capability - Answer -characteristics of an individual that represent a person's potential
to achieve success at a task
Skill - Answer -the ability to bring about some end result with maximizing the efficient
use of energy and/or time
Skill classification from a performance proficiency perspective - Answer -maximum
certainty of goal achievement, maximum efficient use of energy, maximizing efficient
use of time
Performance vs learning - Answer -performance is an observable attempt, learning is
an internal process that reflects capability for producing a motor task
Early stages of performance and learning - Answer -cognitive, inaccurate, inconsistent,
indecisive, inefficient, rigid, errorful
Middle stages of performance and learning - Answer -more
fluid/accurate/consistent/decisive/efficient/adaptable, less errors
Late stages of performance and learning - Answer -autonomous, accurate, consistent,
certain, efficient, adaptable, recognizes errors
Temporal measures of performance - Answer -total response time, interpretation of
response time, reaction time, movement time
Kinematic measures - Answer -constant error, absolute constant error, variable error
How to measure constant error - Answer -the sum of the positive/negative distance
between the desired and actual locations, divided by the number of trials
