Page |1
Gerontology Questions and Correct
Answers/ Latest Update / Already Graded
What are the three stages of demographic transition? Describe and
have an example of each.
Ans: First Stage: High Balance Demographic Regime -- SEE
PAGE 74!!!!
high fertility and high mortality
very little population growth
young population
Afganistan - extremelt high fertility,a nd almost no old people
(high morality). It's goint to an extremely young society with
few old people. It's high fertility, high mortality.
women marry young, infants die from diseases. Birth and de ath
rates are high, few reach adulthood, and fewer survive to old
age.
Second Stage: Transitional Growth Demographic Regime
high fertility and low mortality
rapid population growth
young population but older population grows
france. High fertility, low mortality. Younger society, but they'll
have too many people getting old and not enough young
people.
All rights reserved © 2025/ 2026 |
, Page |2
Declining death rates and popuation growth: control of diseases
reduces recline of mortailtiy in children. As more babies survive,
the bottom gets biffer. Growth happens when those kids have
kids. Life expectancies increase through better medical care,
mortality in old age pegins to drop, and the proportion of the
old in society increases.
Third Stage: Low Balance Demographic Regime
low fertility and low mortality
little population growth
population grows older
sweeden! it's going to collapse. literally. sweeden's going to
die. Sweeden has a lower brith rate than death rate. So the
country will literally die out. it's not replacing itself. Less youn g
people, lots of old people. It causes lower sales, and the
economy collapses.
The population as a whole begins to age. Ppulations become
more regular in shape. When death and brith rates are low, the
deographic transition is complete. A nation can be ca tagorized
as 'old'. Influx of immigrants also effect the population
structure.
( SEE ADDITIONAL CHART ON PAGE 76)
AN OLDER AGE STRUCTURE means more people need care for
the frail eld
All rights reserved © 2025/ 2026 |
, Page |3
What is a sex ratio? How does it change over the life course?
Ans: the number of males to every 100 females. it is affected
both by the number of male relatives to females at birth, and by
different survivial rates for males and females.
For ever 106 males born, only 100 females are born. No one
knows why. After birth, deathrates are persistently higher
among young males, beginning in infancy and continuing on
into old age. So the sex ratio declines progressively over the life
course from a small excess of young boys over girls to a massive
deficit or men in extreme old age.
What does it mean to have a 'life course' approach?
Ans: recognizes that developmental changes based on
BIOLOGICAL processes mold human behavior from BIRTH until
DEATH, but that human behavior is also influenced by an array
of PSYCHOLOGICAL, SOCIAL, HISTORICAL, and economic
factors.
What are transitions?
Ans: transitions: as people age, they take on different roles
(i.e. from mother to grandmother). This is known as transitions.
All rights reserved © 2025/ 2026 |
, Page |4
Transitions are age-graded, and there are certain ages at which
some transitions should take place.It's the role chan ges they
make as they leave school, move, get a new job., or retire.
What is the cohort effect?
Ans: The social change that occurs when one cohort replaces
another.
It's the experiences they had - how the experiences of cohorts
differ. For example, when member of an older cohort with one
set of attitudes dies, they're replaced by younger people with
different attitudes. Older southerners are less civil -rights
friendly than their younger children. A change in the expected
retirement age can be attributed to the cohort effect - people
who were born between 1965 and 1978 (post baby boomers)
show the youngest ever retirement age at 58. It can be hard to
measure these effects. It's the pattern that cohorts experience
across time.
What are countertransitons?
Ans: contertransitions: Contertransitions are produced by the
role changed of others. If you get married, your mother
becomes a mother-in-law. When you have a child, your father
All rights reserved © 2025/ 2026 |
Gerontology Questions and Correct
Answers/ Latest Update / Already Graded
What are the three stages of demographic transition? Describe and
have an example of each.
Ans: First Stage: High Balance Demographic Regime -- SEE
PAGE 74!!!!
high fertility and high mortality
very little population growth
young population
Afganistan - extremelt high fertility,a nd almost no old people
(high morality). It's goint to an extremely young society with
few old people. It's high fertility, high mortality.
women marry young, infants die from diseases. Birth and de ath
rates are high, few reach adulthood, and fewer survive to old
age.
Second Stage: Transitional Growth Demographic Regime
high fertility and low mortality
rapid population growth
young population but older population grows
france. High fertility, low mortality. Younger society, but they'll
have too many people getting old and not enough young
people.
All rights reserved © 2025/ 2026 |
, Page |2
Declining death rates and popuation growth: control of diseases
reduces recline of mortailtiy in children. As more babies survive,
the bottom gets biffer. Growth happens when those kids have
kids. Life expectancies increase through better medical care,
mortality in old age pegins to drop, and the proportion of the
old in society increases.
Third Stage: Low Balance Demographic Regime
low fertility and low mortality
little population growth
population grows older
sweeden! it's going to collapse. literally. sweeden's going to
die. Sweeden has a lower brith rate than death rate. So the
country will literally die out. it's not replacing itself. Less youn g
people, lots of old people. It causes lower sales, and the
economy collapses.
The population as a whole begins to age. Ppulations become
more regular in shape. When death and brith rates are low, the
deographic transition is complete. A nation can be ca tagorized
as 'old'. Influx of immigrants also effect the population
structure.
( SEE ADDITIONAL CHART ON PAGE 76)
AN OLDER AGE STRUCTURE means more people need care for
the frail eld
All rights reserved © 2025/ 2026 |
, Page |3
What is a sex ratio? How does it change over the life course?
Ans: the number of males to every 100 females. it is affected
both by the number of male relatives to females at birth, and by
different survivial rates for males and females.
For ever 106 males born, only 100 females are born. No one
knows why. After birth, deathrates are persistently higher
among young males, beginning in infancy and continuing on
into old age. So the sex ratio declines progressively over the life
course from a small excess of young boys over girls to a massive
deficit or men in extreme old age.
What does it mean to have a 'life course' approach?
Ans: recognizes that developmental changes based on
BIOLOGICAL processes mold human behavior from BIRTH until
DEATH, but that human behavior is also influenced by an array
of PSYCHOLOGICAL, SOCIAL, HISTORICAL, and economic
factors.
What are transitions?
Ans: transitions: as people age, they take on different roles
(i.e. from mother to grandmother). This is known as transitions.
All rights reserved © 2025/ 2026 |
, Page |4
Transitions are age-graded, and there are certain ages at which
some transitions should take place.It's the role chan ges they
make as they leave school, move, get a new job., or retire.
What is the cohort effect?
Ans: The social change that occurs when one cohort replaces
another.
It's the experiences they had - how the experiences of cohorts
differ. For example, when member of an older cohort with one
set of attitudes dies, they're replaced by younger people with
different attitudes. Older southerners are less civil -rights
friendly than their younger children. A change in the expected
retirement age can be attributed to the cohort effect - people
who were born between 1965 and 1978 (post baby boomers)
show the youngest ever retirement age at 58. It can be hard to
measure these effects. It's the pattern that cohorts experience
across time.
What are countertransitons?
Ans: contertransitions: Contertransitions are produced by the
role changed of others. If you get married, your mother
becomes a mother-in-law. When you have a child, your father
All rights reserved © 2025/ 2026 |
