D236 NURS 2508
Pathophysiology
Objective Assessment Prep
(With Solutions)
2025
1
,Multiple Choice (15 Questions)
A patient with chronic liver disease develops ascites. Which
pathophysiologic mechanism chiefly contributes to this condition?
A) Decreased plasma oncotic pressure
B) Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure
C) Increased aldosterone secretion
D) Excessive antidiuretic hormone release
Answer: C) Increased aldosterone secretion
Rationale: Aldosterone promotes sodium and water retention, leading to
fluid accumulation in the peritoneal cavity causing ascites.
Which of the following best explains the initial cellular response to
hypoxia?
A) Increased ATP production
B) Mitochondrial swelling
C) Anaerobic glycolysis
D) Lysosomal rupture
Answer: C) Anaerobic glycolysis
Rationale: Hypoxia reduces oxygen availability, shifting metabolism to
anaerobic glycolysis to produce ATP without oxygen.
A patient with chronic kidney disease exhibits metabolic acidosis. The
primary cause is:
A) Increased renal bicarbonate reabsorption
B) Decreased H+ secretion by renal tubules
C) Excessive respiratory CO2 retention
D) Enhanced hepatic gluconeogenesis
Answer: B) Decreased H+ secretion by renal tubules
Rationale: Impaired kidneys fail to excrete H+, resulting in metabolic
acidosis.
Which molecule is the main mediator of inflammation responsible for
vasodilation?
A) Histamine
2
, B) Prostaglandin E2
C) Leukotriene B4
D) Bradykinin
Answer: A) Histamine
Rationale: Histamine release from mast cells causes vasodilation and
increased vascular permeability.
In diabetic ketoacidosis, the osmotic diuresis results primarily from what
substance?
A) Glucose
B) Ketone bodies
C) Urea
D) Sodium
Answer: A) Glucose
Rationale: Hyperglycemia leads to glucose spilling in urine, pulling water
with it causing osmotic diuresis.
Which of the following is the best marker for myocardial injury?
A) CK-MB
B) Troponin I
C) Myoglobin
D) Lactate dehydrogenase
Answer: B) Troponin I
Rationale: Troponin I is highly specific and sensitive to myocardial muscle
injury.
In COPD, chronic hypoxia causes which physiological adaptation?
A) Systemic vasodilation
B) Polycythemia
C) Decreased erythropoietin production
D) Hyperventilation
Answer: B) Polycythemia
Rationale: Chronic hypoxia stimulates erythropoietin leading to increased
red blood cell production.
3
Pathophysiology
Objective Assessment Prep
(With Solutions)
2025
1
,Multiple Choice (15 Questions)
A patient with chronic liver disease develops ascites. Which
pathophysiologic mechanism chiefly contributes to this condition?
A) Decreased plasma oncotic pressure
B) Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure
C) Increased aldosterone secretion
D) Excessive antidiuretic hormone release
Answer: C) Increased aldosterone secretion
Rationale: Aldosterone promotes sodium and water retention, leading to
fluid accumulation in the peritoneal cavity causing ascites.
Which of the following best explains the initial cellular response to
hypoxia?
A) Increased ATP production
B) Mitochondrial swelling
C) Anaerobic glycolysis
D) Lysosomal rupture
Answer: C) Anaerobic glycolysis
Rationale: Hypoxia reduces oxygen availability, shifting metabolism to
anaerobic glycolysis to produce ATP without oxygen.
A patient with chronic kidney disease exhibits metabolic acidosis. The
primary cause is:
A) Increased renal bicarbonate reabsorption
B) Decreased H+ secretion by renal tubules
C) Excessive respiratory CO2 retention
D) Enhanced hepatic gluconeogenesis
Answer: B) Decreased H+ secretion by renal tubules
Rationale: Impaired kidneys fail to excrete H+, resulting in metabolic
acidosis.
Which molecule is the main mediator of inflammation responsible for
vasodilation?
A) Histamine
2
, B) Prostaglandin E2
C) Leukotriene B4
D) Bradykinin
Answer: A) Histamine
Rationale: Histamine release from mast cells causes vasodilation and
increased vascular permeability.
In diabetic ketoacidosis, the osmotic diuresis results primarily from what
substance?
A) Glucose
B) Ketone bodies
C) Urea
D) Sodium
Answer: A) Glucose
Rationale: Hyperglycemia leads to glucose spilling in urine, pulling water
with it causing osmotic diuresis.
Which of the following is the best marker for myocardial injury?
A) CK-MB
B) Troponin I
C) Myoglobin
D) Lactate dehydrogenase
Answer: B) Troponin I
Rationale: Troponin I is highly specific and sensitive to myocardial muscle
injury.
In COPD, chronic hypoxia causes which physiological adaptation?
A) Systemic vasodilation
B) Polycythemia
C) Decreased erythropoietin production
D) Hyperventilation
Answer: B) Polycythemia
Rationale: Chronic hypoxia stimulates erythropoietin leading to increased
red blood cell production.
3
