PSYC 388 EXAMINATION TEST 2026 FULL
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS
◉ What happened in the field of counselling before 1900? Answer:
Most counselling was in the form of advice or info
The moral therapy movement in France migrated to Canada
There were growing concerns about asylums and their treatment of
patients
◉ What was the Moral Therapy movement? Answer: Promoted a
humane approach as the best way to treat psychological problem
◉ What were the two main movements in the US in counselling
between 1900 to 1909? Answer: 1. The mental health movement
2. The vocational guidance movement
◉ Who were two important Americans in the field of counselling
between 1900 and 1909? Answer: 1. Frank Parsons
-- Founder of guidance
-- Focused his work on growth and prevention
2. Clifford Beers
-- Wrote a book exposing the terrible conditions in mental hospitals
,-- Advocated for better mental health facilities
◉ What effect did the Smith-Hughes Act of 1917 have on counselling in
Canada? Answer: Provided funding for public schools to support
vocational education
This had a positive effect on Canada and the growth of counselling
◉ What theory of counselling did E.G Williamson develop? Answer:
Modified Parson's theory and used it to work with students and the
unemployed
Emphasized direct, counsellor centered approach
The counsellor finds the traits in the client that are holding them back,
and help them fix it
◉ How did WW2 affect counselling in Canada? Answer: It created a
role for councillors
They were creating and performing tests for the milirary
◉ What 4 main theories of counselling were there in 1950? Answer: 1.
Psychoanalysis and insight theory (Freud)
2. Trait-factor or directive theories (E.G WIlliamson)
3. Humanistic and client-centered theories (Carl Rogers)
4. Behavioural theories (Skinner)
,◉ What was Myers' model for promoting wellness? Answer: Revolved
around 5 life tasks
1. Spirituality
2. Self direction
3. Work and leisure
4. Friendship
5. Love
◉ What are some negative motivators for becoming a counsellor?
Answer: Emotional distress
Vicarious coping
Loneliness and isolation
A desire for power
A need for love
Vicarious rebellion
◉ What are the three levels of helping relationships? Answer: 1. Non
professional
-- Friends, colleagues, untrained volunteers
2. Paraprofessional
-- Human service workers who have some training in human relations
skills
, -- Work as a part of a team
3. Educated to provide assistance
-- Social workers, psychologists, etc
◉ What are the 4 main attribution models that councilors use? Answer:
1. Medical model
2. Moral model
3. Compensatory model
4. Enlightenment model
◉ What is the medical model (attribution model)? Answer: Clients are
not responsible for the cause of their problems
Counsillors act as experts and provide the services for change
◉ What is the moral model (attribution model)? Answer: The opposite
of the medical model
Clients are responsible for causing and solving their problems
◉ What is the compensatory model (attribution model)? Answer:
Clients are only responsible for solving their problems, not causing them
Clients are suffering from failure of their social environments to meet
their needs
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS
◉ What happened in the field of counselling before 1900? Answer:
Most counselling was in the form of advice or info
The moral therapy movement in France migrated to Canada
There were growing concerns about asylums and their treatment of
patients
◉ What was the Moral Therapy movement? Answer: Promoted a
humane approach as the best way to treat psychological problem
◉ What were the two main movements in the US in counselling
between 1900 to 1909? Answer: 1. The mental health movement
2. The vocational guidance movement
◉ Who were two important Americans in the field of counselling
between 1900 and 1909? Answer: 1. Frank Parsons
-- Founder of guidance
-- Focused his work on growth and prevention
2. Clifford Beers
-- Wrote a book exposing the terrible conditions in mental hospitals
,-- Advocated for better mental health facilities
◉ What effect did the Smith-Hughes Act of 1917 have on counselling in
Canada? Answer: Provided funding for public schools to support
vocational education
This had a positive effect on Canada and the growth of counselling
◉ What theory of counselling did E.G Williamson develop? Answer:
Modified Parson's theory and used it to work with students and the
unemployed
Emphasized direct, counsellor centered approach
The counsellor finds the traits in the client that are holding them back,
and help them fix it
◉ How did WW2 affect counselling in Canada? Answer: It created a
role for councillors
They were creating and performing tests for the milirary
◉ What 4 main theories of counselling were there in 1950? Answer: 1.
Psychoanalysis and insight theory (Freud)
2. Trait-factor or directive theories (E.G WIlliamson)
3. Humanistic and client-centered theories (Carl Rogers)
4. Behavioural theories (Skinner)
,◉ What was Myers' model for promoting wellness? Answer: Revolved
around 5 life tasks
1. Spirituality
2. Self direction
3. Work and leisure
4. Friendship
5. Love
◉ What are some negative motivators for becoming a counsellor?
Answer: Emotional distress
Vicarious coping
Loneliness and isolation
A desire for power
A need for love
Vicarious rebellion
◉ What are the three levels of helping relationships? Answer: 1. Non
professional
-- Friends, colleagues, untrained volunteers
2. Paraprofessional
-- Human service workers who have some training in human relations
skills
, -- Work as a part of a team
3. Educated to provide assistance
-- Social workers, psychologists, etc
◉ What are the 4 main attribution models that councilors use? Answer:
1. Medical model
2. Moral model
3. Compensatory model
4. Enlightenment model
◉ What is the medical model (attribution model)? Answer: Clients are
not responsible for the cause of their problems
Counsillors act as experts and provide the services for change
◉ What is the moral model (attribution model)? Answer: The opposite
of the medical model
Clients are responsible for causing and solving their problems
◉ What is the compensatory model (attribution model)? Answer:
Clients are only responsible for solving their problems, not causing them
Clients are suffering from failure of their social environments to meet
their needs
